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THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NEBRASKA 

DEPARTMENT  OF 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIOLOGY 


BIOGRAPHY  OF  AMERICAN 
STATESMANSHIP 

An   Analytical   Reierence    Syllabus 


BY 


GEORGE  ELLIOTT  HOWARD,  Ph.  D. 

Head  Frofessor  of  Political  Science  and  Sociology 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  UNIVERSITY 
1909 


,  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NEBRASKA 

DEPARTMENT  OF 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIOLOGY 


BIOGRAPHY  OF  AMERICAN 
STATESMANSHIP 

An  Analytical   Reference   Syllabus 


BY 

GEORGE  ELLIOTT  HOWARD,  Ph.  D, 

Head  Professor  of  Political  Science  and  Sociology 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  UNIVERSITY 
1909 


,^1 


8 


M7 


PREFATORY  NOTE. 


This  course  was  offered  as  an  experiment  in  1907-8  and  again 
in  1908-9.  The  results  tend  to  prove  that  the  study  of  nation- 
building  through  the  lives  of  the  builders  has  a  singular  attrac- 
tion and  a  rare  value.  The  great  man  is  no  longer  looked  upon 
as  an  individual  hero  in  the  Carlylean  sense.  Genius  may  be 
hereditary,  as  Galton  insists ;  but  it  is  opportunity,  environment, 
which  sets  it  free.  We  are  coming  clearly  to  see  that  a  man  is 
not  less  a  hero,  not  less  a  genius,  because  mainly  he  is  a  product 
of  the  forces  which  determine  the  whole  social  life-struggle  of 
his  age.  There  is  the  social  hero.  Perhaps  in  no  more  effective, 
certainly  in  no  more  interesting,  way  can  one  study  social  causa- 
tion, the  historical  process,  than  through  the  evolution  of  person- 
ality. The  secret  of  personality  may  be  the  secret  of  a  national 
crisis.  The  revelation  of  the  unique  personality  of  Abraham 
Lincoln  is  the  explanation  of  his  achievement  as  president. 

George  Elliott  Howard. 

Lincoln,  June  15,  1909. 


(3) 

251300 


ANALYTICAL   INDEX. 

PAGES 

Section  1.     Eoger  Williams,  the  Apostle  of  Soul  Liberty 7-9 

1.  Eoger  Williams  and  his  Ideals 7-S 

2.  Eoger  Williams  and  his  Contemporaries 8-9 

Section  II.     James  Otis,  the  First  Eevolutionary  Leader  of  Massa- 
chusetts     .• ^"^^ 

Section    III.     Patrick   Henry,   the   First   Eevolutionary   Leader   of 

Virginia    11-1. > 

Section    IV.     Samuel    Adams,   the    Organizer   of    American   Public 

Opinion • 13-15 

Section  V.     Eobert  Morris,  the  First  American  Financier 15-19 

Section  VI.     Benjamin  Franklin,  the  First  American  Diplomatist..  19-22 

Section  VII.     George  Washington,  the  First  American 22-26 

Section  VIII.     Alexander    Hamilton,    the    Organizer    of    American 

Finance ^^'^^ 

Section  IX.     Thomas  Jefferson,  the  Father  of  American  Democracy.  31-34 

Section  X.     John  Marshall,  the  Expounder  of  the  Constitution 35-37 

Section  XL     James  Monroe  and  his  Doctrrine 37-42 

1.  Chief  Events  in  Monroe's  Career 37-39 

2.  Origin  and  Development  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine 39-42 

Section  XII.     John  Quincy  Adams,  a  Puritan  Scholar  in  Politics..  42-40 

1.  Adams  the  Man ^^"^^ 

2.  Adams   the   President ^^ 

3.  Adams  and  Federal  Patronage 43-45 

4.  Adams  and  Slavery,  1829-1848 45 

Section  XIII.     Andrevr  Jackson,  a  Frontiersman  in  Politics 46-50 

1.  Evolution  of  Jackson's  Personality 46-48 

2.  Problems  of  Jackson's  Administration 48-50 

Section  XIV.     Henry  Clay,  the  Compromiser 50-54 

1.  Evolution  of  Clay's  Personality ^^-^^ 

2.  Clay,  the  American  Statesman 51-53 

Section  XV.     Daniel  Webster,  the  Defender  of  the  Federal  Union. .   54-57 

1.  Evolution  of  Wer)ster's  Personality 54-50 

2.  Webster,  the  Champion  of  the  National  Union 56 

Section  XVI.     Charles  Sumner,  the  Apostle  of  Peace  and  Liberty. .  56-60 

Section  XVII.     Abraham  Lincoln,  the  Typical  American  Genius 61-65 

1.  The  Evolution  of  Lincoln's  Personality 61-63 

2.  The  Quality  of  Lincoln's  Personality 63-64 

'  (5) 


O  ANALYTICAL  INDEX. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OF  STATESMEN. 

PAGES 

I.     Joseph    Galloway    66 

IL     Gouverneur  Morris    66-67 

IIL     John   Adams    67-68 

IV.     Aaron  Burr   68-69 

V.     Albert   Gallatin    69 

VI.     James    Madison    69-70 

VII.     John    Caldwell    Calhoun 70 

VIII.     Stephen  Arnold  Douglas 71 

IX.     William    Henry    Seward    71-72 

X.     Salmon  Portland  Chase    73 

XI.     Jefferson    Davis     73 

XII.     Robert  Edward   Lee    73-74 

XIII.    Ulysses  Simpson  Grant  ' 74-75 


BIOGRAPHY  OF  AMERICAN  STATESMANSHIP. 


Section   I.      Roger  Williams,   the   Apostle  of   Soul-Liberty 

(1604-1683). 

A.    Roger  Williams  and  his  Ideals. 

I.  Early  Life  of  Williams. 

1.  Home,  parentage,  nationality. 

2.  Education;  his  patron,  Sir  Edward  Coke. 

3.  Personal  appearance,  manner,  and  character. 

II.  Characteristics  of  the  Times  of  Roger  Williams. 

1.  Politically. 

a.  The  England  of  James  I  and  Charles  I. 

}).'  The  First  English  Colonies :  two  chief  causes  of  their 

planting, 
c.  Contrast  between  the  Separatists  of  Plymouth  and 

the  Puritans  of  Massachusetts  Bay. 

2.  Intellectually:  Shakespeare,  Bacon,  Ben  Jonson,  Hooker, 

and  others. 

3.  Religiously. 

a.  The  rise  of  sects  (Masson,  Life  of  Milton^  III,  136- 

159). 
1).  Persecution;  migration  of  the  sects. 

III.  The  Ideas  and  the  Ideals  of  Roger  Williams. 

1.  His  religious  and  ecclesiastical  ideas:  an  Anabaptist  in- 

dependent or  teacher  of  "absolute  toleration";  con- 
trast between  the  liberal  views  of  the  early  Anabaptists 
and  those  of  contemporary  sects  (compare  Masson, 
Life  of  Milton,  III,  98  ff.)  ;  meaning  of  Williams'  term 
"soul-liberty"? 

2.  His  doctrine  of  race-equality  in  human  rights  as  applied 

to  the  Indians. 

a.  The  English  and  present  American  doctrine  regard- 
ing the  lands  of  the  Indians. 

ft.  Roger  Williams  was  300  years  ahead  of  Winthrop 
and  the  New  England  clergy  in  his  view  of  Indian 
rights. 

(7) 


O  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

3.  His  doctrine  of  entire  separation  of  church  and  state. 

a.  He  accepted  the  basic  principle  of  the  American  na- 
tion. 

&.  On  this  principle  he  founded  the  first  free,  self-gov- 
erning commonwealth  in  America,  Rhode  Island. 

B.     Roger  Williams  and  his  Contemporaries. 

I.  Roger  Williams  and  the  Boston  Puritans. 

1.  Charges  against  him;  were  they  valid? 

a.  Was  his  Indian  policy  dangerous? 
6.  Was  his  love  of  controversy  peculiar?     Was  it  dan- 
gerous ? 

2.  His  trial  and  expulsion  from  Massachusetts;  he  returns 

good  for  evil  by  saving  Massachusetts  from  the  Indians. 

II.  The  Cases  of  Anne  Hutchinson   (1590-1643)   and  Roger  Wil- 

liams Compared. 

a.  Meaning  of  her  term  '^covenant  of  grace"? 

6.  The  heresy  trial;  conduct  of  the  clergy;  of  the  presiding 
judge,  Gov.  John  Winthrop  (Brooks  Adams,  Emancipa- 
tion of  Massachusetts,  65-78;  Hart,  Contemporaries,  I, 
382-87). 

III.  The  case  of  the  Quakers  compared  with  the  cases  of  Wil- 

liams  and   Hutchinson    (Hallowell,    Quaker  Invasion    of 
Massachusetts,  1-31,  passim). 

1.  Meaning  of  their  term,  the  "inward  light"? 

2.  False  charges  made  by  the  Puritans ;  inaccuracy  of  Lodge, 

Fiske,  Dexter,  and  Ellis  in  treating  this  case. 

IV.  Conclusion. 

referp:nces. 

1.  Roger  Williaiiis:  To  "break  ground,"  read  the  short  article  in  the 
New  International  Encyclopwdia,  XX,  536.  This  may  be  followed  by  0. 
S.  Straus,  Roger  Williams  (1894)  ;  and  Richman,  Rhode  Island  (2  vols., 
1902).  Older  biographies  are  William  Gammell,  Roger  Williams  (1845, 
1846)  ;  Romeo  Elton,  Life  of  Roger  Williams  (1852)  ;  and  J.  D.  Knowles, 
Memoir  of  Williams    (1834). 

Source  materials  may  be  found  in  John  Winthrop,  History  of  Neio 
England;  and  William  Bradford,  Plymonth  Plantation.  In  his  editorial 
Preface  to  John  Cotton's  Reply  to  Williams  in  the  Narrag-ansett  Club 
Publications,  II,  Professor  Diman  has  examined  the  causes  of  Williams's 
expulsion  from  Massachusetts.  The  more  important  writing's  of  Williams 
may  be  consulted  in  the  Publications  of  the  Narrag-ansett  Club;  and 
Hart,  Contemporaries,  I,  402-406,  gives  his  letter  on  "Toleration." 

There  is  a  mass  of  writing  on  Williams  and  his  times.  See  H.  M. 
Dexter,  Congregationalism,  Index;  idem.  As  to  Roger  Williams  (hostile 
and  biased)  ;  Ellis,  in  Massachusetts  and  its  Early  History   (Lowell  In- 


r  JAMES  OTIS.  y 

stitute  Lectures),  91  ff . ;  idem,  Puritan  Age  in  Massachusetts,  Index; 
Doyle,  English  Colonies,  II,  113-26;  Oliver,  Puritan  Commonwealth,  87-102, 
192 ;  Hildreth,  Hist,  of  United  States,  I,  188,  221-23,  227-32,  291,  305,  394 ; 
Bancroft,  Hist,  of  United  States,  I,  241-42,  249-56,  296-98;  Masson,  Life 
of  Milton,  III,  98  ff.,  136-59;  Gooch,  English  Democratic  Ideas,  83-92; 
C.  F.  Adams,  Three  Episodes,  I,  247,  325,  366,  note,  375,  385 ;  idem,  Massa- 
chusetts: its  Historians  and  its  History,  25  ff.,  passim;  Brooks  Adams, 
Emancipation  of  Massachusetts,  104-27,  and  Index;  Eg-g-leston,  Begin- 
ners of  a  Nation,  307-14;  Tyler,  England  in  America,  Index;  Fiske,  Be- 
ginnings of  New  England,  114-16;  Haven,  in  Winsor,  Memorial  History 
of  Boston,  I,  119;  Ellis,  in  ihid.,  169  ff.,  185  ff . ;  Ellis,  in  Winsor,  Narra- 
tive and  Critical  History  of  America,  III,  219  ft.,  335-39 ;  Lodge,  Short 
History  of  the  American  Colonies,  47-48,  385-92 ;  Thwaites,  Colonies, 
122-23;  Fisher,  Colonial  Era,  114  ff . ;  Channing,  History  of  the  United 
States,  I,  362  ff. 

Bibliography :  Channing  and  Hart,  Guide,  100,  272-73 ;  Winsor,  Narra- 
tive and  Critical  History  of  America,  III,  377-78;  idem.  Memorial  History 
of  Boston,  I,  172-73. 

2.  Anne  Hutchinson:  Brooks  Adams,  Emancipation  of  Massachusetts, 
46-78;  C.  F.  Adams,  Three  Episodes,  I,  363-509,  II,  533-78;  idem,  Massa- 
chusetts: its  Historians  and  its  Histoi'y,  25  ff,,  passim;  Hildreth,  I, 
242-46,  253-58;  Oliver,  Puritan  Commonwealth,  169  ff.,  180,  195; 
Thvi^aites,  Colonies,  133-36;  Lodge,  Short  History,  349-50,  385  (biased); 
Bancroft,  I,  260-64;  Doyle,  English  Colonies,  II,  129  ff.,  138,  186,  188; 
Channing,  History  of  the  U.  S.,  I,  368  ff. ;  Eggleston,  Beginners  of  a  Na- 
tion, 329-49.  There  are  source  references  in  Colonial  Records  of  Massa- 
chusetts, I,  207,  212,  225-26 ;  an  extract  from  her  trial  taken  from  Hutch- 
inson's History  in  Brooks  Adams's  book  above  cited ;  and  also  in  Hart, 
Contemporaries,  1,  382-87.  G.  E.  Ellis  has  a  short  biography  in  the  Sparks 
series. 

3.  The  Quakers:  Consult  especially  Sewell,  History  of  the  Qualcers ; 
Hallowell,  Quaker  Invasion  of  Massachusetts,  1  ff . ;  idem.  Pioneer  Quak- 
ers; Brooks  Adams,  Emancipation  of  Massachusetts,  128-78;  C.  F.  Adams, 
Three  Episodes,  Index;  Bancroft,  I,  528-51;  Winsor,  Memorial  History 
of  Boston,  I,  179,  185-87,  195,  350;  Hildreth,  I,  399-409,  453-55,  474-75; 
Oliver,  205-19;  Fisher,  146  ff . ;  Fiske,  177-92  (inaccurate);  Allen,  Neto 
England's  Tragedies  in  Prose,  7-68  (very  inaccurate  and  prejudiced,  but 
typical  of  New  England  ancestor-worship). 

Section  II.     James  Otis,  the  First  Revolutionary  Leader  of 
Massachusetts    (1725-1783). 

I.  Early  Life  of  James  Otis  (Tudor,  Chaps,  i-iv;  especially  Tyler, 

1,36-39). 

1.  Parentage. 

2.  Education;  law-studies;  standing  at  the  bar;  his  favorite 

books. 

3.  His  style  of  writing  and  speaking   (See  Tyler,  Literary 

History  of  the  Am.  Revolution^  I,  36-39). 

4.  Personal   Traits  and   personal   appearance    (See   Tudor, 

Life  or  Otis,  giving  a  portrait). 

II.  Characteristics  of  the  Times  of  Otis :  Whv  a  Revolution  was 


10  AMERICAN   STATESMANSHIP. 

Impending    (Howard,    Preliminaries    of    the   Revolution, 
OKaps.  i,  iii,  especially,  47-49,  64-72). 

1.  The  French  war  reveals  an  "American  People,"  with  an 

inchoate  national  consciousness. 

2.  The  old  colonial  system  and  theory;  its  collapse  and  the 

untimely  attempt  to  enforce  it ;  the  "Molasses  Act,"  1733. 

3.  Writs  of  assistance  (Howard,  73  ff.). 

a.  Origin  and  survival;  how  they  differed  from  or  re- 
sembled the  "general  warrants"  of  the  Wilkes  case 
(1763). 

6.  First  used  in  the  colonies,  1755  (See  Gray,  in 
Quincy's  Mass.  Reports,  402  ff.,  where  writs  are 
printed  and  full  legal  details  given). 

c.  Supposed  special  need  of  these  writs  during  the 
French  and  Indian  War. 

Til.  His  Speeches  and  Pamphlets. 

1.  His   speech   on   the   writs   of   assistance,    Feb.   24,    1761 

(Tudor,  62  ff.). 

a.  Character  of  his  oratory. 

6.  Outline  of  his  argument, 
c.  Effects  of  the  speech. 

2.  His  pamphlet,  Vindication  of  the  Conduct  of  the  House  of 

Representatives,  1762   (Tyler,  I,  39-44;  Howard,  84-85; 
Tudor,  114-35). 

3.  His  pamphlet,  The  Rights  of  the  British  Colonies  Asserted 

and  Proved,   1764    (Tyler,   I,   47-52;   Howard,   115-17; 
Tudor,  171  ff.). 

4.  His  controversv  with  Martin  Howard,  1765  (Tvler,  I,  70- 

80). 

5.  His   reply    to    Soame   Jenyns,    1765;    influence    on    Pitt 

(Howard,  167-68;  Tyler,  I,  81-90). 

6.  Estimate  of  the  public  services  of  Otis;  his  last  days; 

circumstances  of  his  death. 

REFERENCES. 

The  best  accomit  of  Otis's  place  in  the  Revolution  is  that  of  M.  C. 
Tyler,  Literary  History  of  the  American  Revolution,  I,  30-52,  and  other 
passages  above  cited.  With  this,  read  How^ard,  Preliminaries  of  the  Revo- 
tution,  65-83,  passim,;  Netc  International  Encyclopedia,  XV,  151;  and 
passages  in  Tndor,  Life  of  James  Otis  (1823).  The  original  authority 
for  the  case  of  the  writs  of  assistance  is  John  Adams,  Works.  IT.  521-25  ; 
and  his  later  report  as  given  by  Minot.  History  of  Massachusetts,  IT< 
87-99 ;  by  Tndor,  62  ff. ;  and  by  Israel  Keith,  in  Quincy's  Reports,  479-82. 
Adams's  letters  to  Tudor  in  his  Works,  X,  are  not  vv^holly  trustvv'^orthy. 


PATRICK  HENRY.  11 

% 

The  most  detailed  and  enlightening  examination  of  the  ease  of  the 
writs  is  that  of  Justice  Horace  Gray,  in  Quincy's  Mass.  Reports,  395-540. 

In  general,  on  the  old  colonial  system  and  the  origin  of  the  Revolution, 
see  Howard,  chaps,  i,  iii;  Weeden,  Economic  and  Social  History  of  New 
England,  II,  666  ff.,  714  ff . ;  Chamberlain,  "The  Eevolution  Impending," 
in  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History,  VI,  1-24 ;  Frothingham,  Rise 
of  the  Repuhlic,  72-157;  Bancroft,  United  States  (ed.  1883),  II,  546  fp. ; 
Hutchinson,  History  of  Massachusetts,  III,  89  ff. ;  Lecky,  England  in  the 
Eighteenth  Century,  III,  321-34;  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  43-48; 
idem.  Contemporaries,  II,  374-78 ;  Seeley,  Expansion  of  England;  Chan- 
ning.  The  Navigation  Laws  (Worcester,  1890)  ;  Scott,  Development  of 
Civil  Lilierty,  chap,  viii ;  Beer,  "Colonial  Policy  of  England  toward  the 
American  Colonies,"  in  Columbia  College  Studies,  III  (New  York,  1893)  ; 
Lord,  "Industrial  Experiments  in  the  British  Colonies,"  in  Johns  Hopkins 
University  Studies,  extra  Vol.,  XVII  (Baltimore,  1898)  ;  Ashley,  "England 
and  America,  1660-1760,"  in  his  Surveys  Historic  and  Economic  (London, 
New  York,  and  Bombay,  1900),  309-60;  Hill,  "Colonial  Tariffs,"  in  Quar- 
terly Journal  of  Economics,  VII,  73  ff.  See  also  G.  B.  Hertz,  The  Old 
Colonial  System,  (1905)  ;  M.  A.  M.  Marks,  England  and  America  (2  vols., 
1907)  ;  and  George  L.  Beer,  British  Colonial  System  (1908). 

Tyler,  op.  cit.,  gives  a  full  bibliography  and  analysis  of  the  writings 
of  Otis  and  of  his  adversaries. 

Section   III.     Patrick   Henry,   the  First   Revolutionary 
Leader  of  Virginia  (1736-1799). 

I.  Early  Life  of  Henry  (Tyler,  Patrick  Hmry,  1-31;  Wirt,  Life 

of  Patrick  Henrxj^  19-49;  W.  W.  Henry,  Patrick  Henrys  I, 
1-29). 

1.  His  parentage  and  education;  myths  concerning  Henry. 

2.  His  marriage;  business  experiences,  1751-1760. 

3.  Admission  to  the  bar,  1760;  remarkable  success  during 

the  first  three  years  and  a  half  of  practice  (contrary  to 
the  myth  started  by  Jefferson). 

II.  The  Royal  Prerogative  and  the  Revolution. 

1.  Quarrels  with  the  governors.' 

2.  Independence  of  the  courts  threatened;  in  October,  1761, 

Benjamin   Pratt  appointed   chief-justice   of  New   York 
''during  the  king's  pleasure." 

3.  Abuse  of  legislative  prerogative. 

a.  After  the  reign  of  Anne  no  act  of  Parliament  vetoed 
by  the  crown;  but  this  branch  of  the  prerogative 
steadily  maintained  in  the  royal  provinces. 

t.  The  Virginia  Acts  imposing  a  prohibitory  duty  on 
the  importation  of  slaves  disallowed. 

III.  Patrick    Henry's    Protest   against    the    King's    Legislative 

Prerogative  in  the  "Parson's  Cause''  (1763). 
1.  Origin  of  the  cause. 


12  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

a.  Laws  of  1696  and  1748,  fixing  the  parson's  salary  at 

16,000  pounds  of  tobacco. 
h.  Tobacco  as  legal  tender. 

2.  The  ''Two-Penny"  Act  of  1755.    Financial  distress  caused 

by  the  war  times. 

3.  "Two-Penny"  Act  of  1758 ;  like  that  of  1755,  it  was  passed 

without    the    "suspending    clause."      The    prerogative 

strained  in  denying  the  petition  of  1751. 

a.  Debts  made  payable  either  in  kind  or  in  paper  money 
at  the  option  of  the  payer;  alleged  hardships  to  the 
clergy. 

l.  Resistance  of  the  clergy;  pamphlet  war;  letter  of  the 
bishop  of  London;  appeals  to  the  board  of  trade 
placed  before  the  privy  council.  The  act  disallowed, 
August  10,  1759;  and  Governor  Fauquier  ordered 
to  publish  the  fact  by  proclamation. 

c.  Rev.  John  Camm's  suit  against  the  vestry  of  York 

Hampton  parish;  the  assembly  allows  the  expenses 
of  appeals;  1764,  Virginia  law  held  valid  by  the 
general  court ;  appeal  to  privy  council,  and  the  case 
dismissed,  1767. 

d.  Other  suits  in  the  lower  courts;  that  of  Rev.  James 

Maury,  of  Fredericksville  parish,  Louisa,  November 
5,  1763;  county  court  of  Hanover  declares  the  act 
of  1758  void ;  and  orders  that  at  next  term  a  special 
jury  shall  determine  the  damage  due  Maury. 
Patrick  Henry  called  in  to  defend  the  parish. 

4.  December  1,  1763;  Henry's  speech  in  the  Parson's  Cause. 

a.  Character  of  his  eloquence. 
6.  Points  of  the  argument. 

c.  The  verdict. 

d.  Revolutionary  significance  of  the  speech. 

IV.  The  Later  Career  of  Patrick  Henry. 

1.  The   resolves   against    the    Stamp    Act,    May    29,    1765; 

Henry's  speech  (Henry's  Patrick  Ee^wy,  I,  70  ff.). 

2.  In  the  first  Continental  Congress,  1774. 

3.  His  resolves  and  great  speech  in  the  second  revolutionary 

convention  of  Virginia,   March,   1775    (Henry's  Henry, 
I,  248  ff.). 

4.  Why  he  opposed  the  ratification  of  the  Federal  Constitu- 

tion   (Tyler's  Henry,  279   ff.;  Henry's  Henry,  II,  338 
ff.,  111,431  ff.). 


r,  SAxMUEL  ADAMS.  13 

5.  Last  days.     Estimate  of  Henry's  public  services  (Tyler's 
Henry,  363  ff.;  Henry's  Henry,  U,  600  ff.). 

EEFEEENCES. 

The  best  biography  of  Patrick  Henry  is  that  of  M.  C.  Tyler,  PatricTc 
Henry  (Boston,  1887)  ;  while  the  principal  source  is  W.  W.  Henry,  Pat- 
rick Henry:  Life,  Correspondence,  and  Speeches  (3  vols.,  New  York, 
1891),  with  a  portrait.  The  celebrated  Life  of  Patrick  Henry  by  William 
Wirt  (Philadelphia,  1836)  is  very  entertaining,  but  uncritical.  Howard, 
Preliminaries  of  the  Revolution,  84-101,  121-30,  deals  with  the  Parson's 
Cause  and  Henry's  Speech  on  the  Stamp  Act. 

In  general,  on  the  Parson's  Cause,  see  Ann  Maury,  Memoirs  of  a 
Huguenot  Family  (New  York,  1872),  402,  418-24  (James  Maury's  account 
of  the  trial)  ;  or  the  same  in  Hart,  Contemporaries,  II,  103-6 ;  Perry, 
Historical  Collections,  I,  passim ;  Meade,  Old  Churches,  I,  216  ft. ;  Burnaby, 
Travels  (2d  ed.,  London,  1759)  ;  Jefferson,  "Memorandum,"  in  Historical 
Magazine  (1867),  N.  S.,  II,  93;  Hening,  Statutes,  III,  152,  VI,  88,  89, 
568,  VII,  240,  241;  Campbell,  History  of  Virginia  (Philadelphia,  1860),  514, 
515;  Bancroft,  United  States,  III,  110  ff.,  134  ff . ;  Frothingham,  Rise  of 
the  RepuMic,  178  ff. ;  Grahame,  United  States,  IV,  206  ff. ;  Gordon,  United 
States  (London,  1788),  I,  164  ff . ;  and  the  works  of  Tyler,  Wirt,  W.  W. 
Henry,  and  Howard  above  cited.  To  "break  ground"  read  ^ew  Inter- 
national  Encyclopaedia,  IX,  778-79 ;  and  the  sketches  in  the  biographical 
cyclopedias. 

Section    IV.      Samuel    Adams,   the    Organizer   of   American 
Public  Opinion    (1722-1803). 

I.  Characteristics  of  Samuel   Adams    (Hosmer,   1-20;   Wells,   I, 
1-42). 

1.  Parenta<?e;    ability   and    social    standing   of    his    father, 

Samuel  Adams  (1689-1748)  ;  the  ^^Caulker's  Club'' 
(1724). 

2.  Education;  Adams's  Master's  Thesis,  1743  (Hosmer,  17). 

3.  Marriage,  1749;  early  business  career;  "Sam,  the  Malt- 
•    ster";  the  Land-Bank  incident  (Wells.  I,  25-29). 

4.  Early    public    career:    "Sam,    the    first    American    Poli- 

tician;" tax-collector,  1750-64;  the  arrears  of  taxes  in- 
cident (Wells,  I,  35-38;  Hosmer,  36-37). 

5.  The  "man  of  the  town-meeting";  place  of  the  town-meet- 

ing in  New  England  and  American  history. 

6.  The  "penman"  of  the  Revolution ;  his  style  of  writing  and 

speaking. 

7.  The  organizer  of  resistance;  his  methods  in  Boston. 

8.  General  character  of  the  revolutionary  literature;  news- 

papers and  pamphlets;  poems;  state  papers;  public  pa- 
pers drafted  by  Samuel  Adams  (Tyler,  Lit.  History  of 
Am.  Rev.,  II,  1-16,  and  Index). 


14  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

II.  The  Grenville  Acts  and  the  Birth  of  Revolutionary  Parties. 

1.  Whigs  and  Tories,  1763-65  (Hutchinson,  History  of  Mas- 

Sdclmsetts,  III,  103;  Grahame,  IV,  210). 

2.  "Sons   of  Liberty,"   1763;   methods   and   influence;   sup- 

posed origin  of  the  name  in  Barre's  speech. 

3.  Non-importation  agreements. 

4.  First   intercolonial    Committees   of   Correspondence,   the 

result  of  Adams's  "initial  state  paper"  of  the  American 
Revolution,  May  24,  1764  {Boston  Toivn  Records ^  XVI, 
120-22;  Wells,  I,  46-49;  Hutchinson,  III,  104-107;  How- 
ard, 110-12). 

5.  Address  to  the  governor  and  the  resolutions  of  the  as- 

sembly against  the  Stamp  Act  drafted  by  Adams,  1765. 

III.  Adams  and  the  Royal  Instructions,  1770-1773  (Hosmer,  160 

ff.,  183  ff.;  Frothingham,  249  ff.). 

1.  Character  of  the  instructions. 

2.  Methods  of  resistance. 

3.  The  Boston  "massacre,"  March  5,  1770.     Adams  and  the 

removal  of  the  troops. 

4.  The  "Gaspee,"  June  9,  1772. 

5.  Adams  organizes  the  revolutionary  political  party  (How- 

ard, 242-58;  Hosmer,  196  ff.;  Frothingham,  261  ff.). 

a.  Local  committees  of  correspondence  proposed  by 
Adams,  Nov.,  1772  {Boston  Toivn  Records,  XVIII, 
93,  94-108). 

t.  "Intercolonial  committees  of  correspondence"  pro- 
posed by  Virginia,  March,  1773  (Frothingham,  279 
ff.). 

IV.  Adams  as  a  Mob  Leader    (Howard,   265-71;   Hosmer,   243 

ff. ;  Frothingham,  294  ff.) . 

1.  The  "Tea- Act":  its  character  and  purpose  (Howard,  266 

ff.). 

2.  The  "Tea-Party" :  Adams,  Chief  of  the  "Mohawks,"  Dec. 

16,  1773  (See  Hosmer,  in  Atlantic  Monthly  as  below 
cited). 

V.  Adams  Completes  the  Revolutionary  Party  Organization  in 

the  First  Continental  Congress,  1774  (Howard,  280-95; 
Frothingham,  358  ff.;  Hosmer,  289  ff.,  313  ff . ;  Wells,  I, 
218  ff.).^ 

1.  Effect  of  the  five  "coercive  acts." 

2.  Puritan  politicians  in  Philadelphia. 


^  ROBERT  MORRIS.  13 

a.  John  Adams's  Diary  (Howard,  288-89;  John  Adams, 

Works,  II,  366-68). 
h.  Samuel  Adams  and  Duche;  the  "Suffolk  Resolves" 
(Howard,  291-92;  John  Adams,  Works,  II,  368-69). 
VI.  Later  Career  of  Adams  (Hosmer,  351-431). 

1.  Why  he  disliked  the  federal  constitution. 

2.  His  oflScial  work  in  Massachusetts. 

3.  Estimate  of  his  public  services. 

REFERENCES. 
Hosmer,  Samuel  Adams  (Boston,  1885)  ;  idem,  "Samuel  Adams,  the 
Man  of  the  Town-Meeting,"  in  Johris  Hopkins  Uni.  Studies,  II;  Wlells, 
Samuel  Adams  (3  vols,  Boston,  1865)  ;  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic, 
200-402;  Bancroft,  United  States  (ed.  1883),  III;  Lecky,  England  in  the 
Eighteenth  Century,  III,  chap,  xii ;  Burke,  Speeches  on  American  Taxa- 
tion and  Conciliation;  Woodburn,  "Causes  of  the  Revolution,"  in  Johns 
Hopkins  Uni.  Studies,  X,  553-609;  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  37-63; 
Sloane,  French  War  and  Revolution,  99  ff. ;  Ludlow,  War  of  American  In- 
dependence, 64-90 ;  Goldwin  Smith,  United  States,  64  ff. ;  Fiske,  American 
Revolution,  I,  chap,  i;  Trevelyan,  Revolution,  I,  chaps,  ii-viii;  Cham.ber- 
lam,  "The  Revolution  Impending,"  in  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical 
History,  VI,  1-68;  Hart,  Contempararies,  II,  373  ff . ;  Grahame,  United: 
States,  IV,  246  fp. ;  Dawson,  Sons  of  Liberty  in  New  York  (New  York, 
1859)  ;  Collins,  "Committees  of  Correspondence,"  in  Report  of  American 
Historical  Association  (1901),  I,  243-71;  Bartlett,  History  of  the  Destruc- 
tion of  the  Gaspee  (1861)  ;  idem,  in  Rhode  Island  Colonial  Records,  VII 
57-192;  Becker,  "Growth  of  Revolutionary  Parties  and  Methods  in  new 
York  Provmce,  1765-1774,"  in  American  Historical  Revieic,  VII,  56-76; 
Coffin,  "The  Quebec  Act,"  in  Report  of  American  Historical  Association, 
1894,  273-79;  Farrand,  "The  Taxation  of  Tea,"  in  American  Historical 
Review,  III,  266-69 ;  Frothingham,  "Sam.  Adams  Regiments,"  in  Atlantic, 
June  and  August,  1862,  and  November,  1863;  Kidder,  History  of  the 
Boston  Massacre  (Albany,  1870)  ;  Levermore,  "Whigs  in  Colonial  New 
York,^  m  American  Historical  Review,  I,  238-50;  Small,  "Beginnings  of 
American  Nationality,"  in  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies,  VIII  1-77- 
rYoa^'.^'^'i^^}^^^  ^""^  *^^  Quebec  Bill,"  in  American  Historical  Revieiv, 
1,  43b-43;  hj.  E.  Sparks,  Men  who  made  the  Nation  (1900)    47-78 

To  break  ground,  read  appropriate  parts  of  the  works  of  Hosmer, 
±rothmgham,  Hart,  and  Ludlow,  above  cited.  Consult  Howard,  Pre- 
liminaries of  the  Revolution,  Index  at  "Adams,"  as  also  the  chapter 
headings;  sketches  in  the  encyclopedias;  and  select  passages  in  Wells. 
Samu^  Adams,  I.  See  also  Samuel  Adams's  Writings,  edited  by  Cushinjr- 
and  the  Journals  of  the  Continental  Congress.  . 

Section   V.     Robert  Morris,  the   First  American   Financier 

(1734-1806). 

A.    Finances  of  the  Revolution,  1775-1781:    The  Call  for  Morris. 
I.  Administration  of  the  Treasury. 

1.  By    special    congressional    committees    (Bolles,    op.    cit 
1,10). 


16  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

2.  By  standing  congressional  committees,  1776-81  (Guggen- 
heimer,  op.  cit.^  127  ff.)  :  the  "Commissioners  or  Board 
of  Treasury,"  created  July  30,  1779,  consisting  of  two 
members  of  Congress  and  three  persons  not  members 
of  Congress. 

II.  The  Struggle  for  Revenue,  1775-81. 

1.  Dislike  of  taxat\on :   Thomas  Taine  and  Pelatiah  Webster 

in  favor  (Sumner,  I,  28-30;  Bolles,  op.  cit.,  I,  191). 

2.  Requisitions. 

III.  Currency. 

1.  Coins  in  use   (Fiske,  Critical  Period,  165,  166,  171,  172; 

Sumner,  II,  36,  42  ff.;  Bullock,  Monetary  History). 

2.  Paper  money. 

a.  Amount  issued:  should  be  dependent  on  specie 
in  circulation  and  taxes,  but  actually  about 
1242,000,000  issued  by  1780;  estimated  as  high  as 
$387,000,000  (Sumner,  I,  98). 

I,  Forced  circulation:  "forestalling,"  "engrossing,"  and 
"monopoly"  punished;  price  conventions  and  price 
tariffs. 

c.  Counterfeiting. 

d.  Depreciation:  as  a  form  of  tax;  as  the  "poor  man's 

friend"  (Sumner,  I,  79-82;  Bolles,  op.  cit.,  I,  177)  ; 
really  produces  "social  palsy"  (Sumner,  op.  cit.,  I, 
76,77,80,81). 
c.  Forty-for-one  Act,  March  18,  1780. 

3.  State   paper   money;    loan-office   certificates;    "indents"; 

private  tokens. 

4.  Paper    money.    1781-1788     (McLaughlin,    138-53;    Fiske, 

Critical  Period,  168-86). 

IV.  Specific    Supplies;    Impressments;    Lotteries;    Loans    (see 

Sumner  and  Hatch). 
B.  Finatvces  of  the  C 07) federation:   The  Response  of  Morris. 

I.  State  of  Affairs,  1781. 

1.  Financial  and  administrative  demoralizntion :  the  despair 

of  Washington   (Morse,  Hamilton,  I,  86  ff . ;  Sumner,  I, 
258,  259). 

2.  Hence   Congress  was   forced   to  abandon  the   committee 

system  and  to  appoint  heads  of  departments  (Jameson, 
Essays,  116-85).' 


^  ROBERT  MORRIS.  17 

a.  Secretary  for  Foreign  Affairs,  January  10,  1781  (R. 
Livingston  chosen). 

6.  Secretary  of  War,  February  7,  1781  (Benjamin  Lin- 
coln chosen). 

G.  Secretary  for  Marine,  February  7,  1781  (Jameson, 
160).. 

d.  Superintendent  of  Finance  (called  the  "Financier"), 
February  7,  1781). 

II.  Life  and  Training  of  Robert  Morris,  to  1781  (Sumner,  Rol)ert 

Morns^  11-27;  Oberholtzer,  Robert  Morris,  1-59). 

III.  The  Work  of  Robert  Morris  as  Superintendent  of  Finance, 

1781-1784  (Bolles,  op.  cit,  I,  267-332;  Hart,  op,  cit.,  109 
ff.;  Oberholtzer,  60  ff.). 

1.  Appointed  February  20,  1781;  accepted  May  14;  the  two 

conditions  of  acceptance  (Sumner,  I,  264-67)  ;  his  quali- 
fications and  previous  experience  (ihid.,  1-4,  261-64)  ; 
his  preparatory  work  in  the  Pennsylvania  assembly 
{iUd.,  210-7S)/ 

2.  He  finds  the  revenue  consisting  chiefly  of  loan-office  and 

quartermaster's  certificates ;  hence  their  receipt  on  taxes 
stopped,  November  12,  1781  (ibid.,  272,  273). 

3.  His  plan. 

a.  Economy  and  retrenchment  {iMd.,  277  ff.). 
&.  Taxes  in  specie  to  pay  foreign  interest   (Bolles,  op. 
cit.,  1,270). 

c.  Foreign  loans ;  '^anticipations." 

d.  A  national  bank,  etc. 

4.  His  operations. 

a.  Miscellaneous  tasks  (Sumner,  I,  277  ff.). 
h.  Negotiations  in  paper  money  {ihid.,  283). 

c.  "Bill-kiting"  {iUd.,  282-84,  74,  95,  114,  115). 

d.  Circulars  to  the  governors  (ihid.,  284-91). 

e.  Provides  for  Yorktown  campaign,  etc. 

5.  The  Bank  of  North  America,  chartered  bv  Congress,  May 

26,  1781. 

a.  Hamilton's  plan    (Bancroft,  History,  VI,  25;  idem, 

Constitution,   I,   31,   32;   Morse,  Hamilton,   71   ff.; 

Bolles,  op.  cit.,  I,  273;  Lodge,  Hamilton,  26-30). 
1).  Morris's  plan. 
2 


18  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

1)  Capital,  1400,000,   to  be  increased  at  pleasure 

(Bancroft,  Constitution,  I,  32;  cf.  Sumner,  II, 
25). 

2)  Incorporated    "forever,"    December    31,    1781; 

question  of  constitutionality. 

3)  Slow   subscriptions;    only   $70,000   by   October, 

1781. 

4)  Chartered  by  Pennsylvania  and  other  states. 

5)  June,  1872,  without  authority  Morris  subscribes 

1254,000  of  the  French  subsidy. 

6)  Benefits. 

a.  For  the  Confederation. 
1).  For  private  enterprise. 

7)  Eeorganized,  1785;  rechartered  by  Pennsylvania 

assembly,  March  17,  1787,  for  fourteen  years. 
6.  Morris  resigns,  1784;   management  of  finances  is  again 
intrusted  to  a  congressional  committee,  1784-89  (Bolles, 
op.  cit.,  1,  333  ff.;  Fiske,  op.  cit.,  168). 

IV.  Later   Life  of  Morris    (see  Oberholtzer  and   the  works  of 
Sumner). 

1.  His  failure  in  business. 

2.  Was  the  country  ungrateful? 

EEFERENCES. 

Sumner,  The  Financier  and  the  Finances  of  the  American  Revolution 
(2  vols.,  New  York,  1891)  ;  Bolles,  Financial  History  of  the  United  States 
(3  vols.,  2d  ed.,  ISlew  York,  1884-86),  I;  Knox,  United  States  Notes,  9,  10; 
Poore,  Money  and  its  Laws,  429  ff.,  461  ff. ;  Snmner,  "The  Spanish  Dollai' 
and  the  Colonial  Shilling-,"  in  American  Historical  Revieiv,  July,  1898; 
idem,  History  of  the  Currency,  43  ff. ;  Walker,  Money,  326-36 ;  Dewey, 
Financial  History  of  the  United  States  (New  York,  London,  and  Bombay, 
1903),  2-59;  Bullock,  Monetary  History  of  the  United  States  (New  York, 
1900),  Part  I,  1-78;  Eliot,  Funding  System,  61-6;  Goug-e,  Short  History 
of  Paper  Money  (Philadelphia,  1833)  ;  Schuckers,  Finances  and  Paper 
Money  of  the  Revolutionary  War  (Philadelphia,  1874)  ;  Watson,  History 
of  American  Coinage  (New  York,  1899)  ;  Hickox,  Historical  Accowit  of 
American  Coinage  (Albany.  1858)  ;  Greene,  Historical  View  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution,  137-72;  Ciirtis,  Constitutional  History,  I,  Index;  Hildreth, 
United  States,  III,  78,  87,  89,  110,  133,  299,  309,  310,  361,  363,  405,  446; 
Bancroft,  United  States,  Index;  idem.  Constitution,  I,  31,  32,  35,  36; 
McMaster,  People  of  the  United  States,  I,  21-23,  139-44,  187-200,  202-8, 
266-70,  281-93,  296,  297,  331-61,  400-403;  Lalor,  Cyclopedia,  I,  199,  207, 
208;  White,  Money  and  Banking  (Boston  and  London,  1896),  134-48; 
Pitkin,  United  States,  IT,  154  i¥. ;  Lossing-,  Field  Book  of  the  Revolution, 
I,  317-19,  352,  II,  557,  630;  Guggenheimer,  in  Jameson's  Essays  (Boston, 
1889),  127  ff. ;  Lodge,  Hamilton,  26-30;  Morse,  Hamilton,  71  ff . ;  E.  E. 
Sparks,  Men  Who  made  the  Nation,  119-50   (Morris). 

For  class  purposes  the  best  references,  as  above  given,  are  the  three 
books  and  the  article  of  W.  G.  Sumner;  with  the  passages  in  Bolles,  Mc- 


"  BENJAMIN   FRANKLIN.  19 

Master,  Greene,  and  Giigg-enheimer.  Lossing  has  interesting"  illustrations : 
Hevvey.  Poore,  and  Walker  are  good.  See  also  McLaughlin,  The  Con- 
federation and  the  Constitution,  51-52,  and  chaps,  iv,  v,  53-88 ;  and  Van 
Tyne,  American  Revolution,  239-43,  258,  304.  The  best  biography  is  that 
of  Oberholtzer  (1903).  There  is  much  on  Morris  and  finance  in  L.  C. 
Hatch,  The  Administration  of  the  American  Revolutionary  Army,  86-123, 
and  Index.  See  also  C.  J.  Bullock,  Finances  of  the  United  States:  in 
Bulletin  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  I,  122  ff. ;  and  Bullock's  edition  of 
William  Douglas,  "Discourse  Concerning  the  Currencies  of  the  British 
Plantations  in  America,"  in  American  Economic  Association,  Economic 
Studies,  II,  259-375,  select  paragraphs.  Consult  C.  H.  Hart,  Roheft 
Morris,  the  Financier  of  the  American  Revolution  (1877)  ;  A.  B.  Hart, 
Contemporaries,  II,  556-59,  605,  III,  208. 

Section  VI.     Benjamin  Franklin,  the  First  American 
Diplomatist  (1706-1790). 

I.  Franklin  a  Typical  American:    Characteristics   (Morse,  1-16; 

More,  Benj.  Franldin,  1-36 ;  Ford,  Many-Sided  Franklin, 
1-41,  passim;  Fisher,  1  ff.,  passim;  McMaster,  1-64; 
AutoMography^  Bigelow's  ed.,  I,  81  ff.). 

1.  Rise  of  a  "self-made"  man,  1706-1730. 

a.  Ancestry. 
h.  Education. 

c.  Printer's  apprentice  in  Boston,  1719-1723. 

d.  Removal  to  Philadelphia,  1723. 

e.  The  dubious  generosity  of  Gov.  William  Keith  and  its 

interesting  fruit;  a  journeyman  printer  sows  "wild 
oats-'  in  London,  1724-1726. 

f.  The  firm  of  "Franklin  and  Meredith";  the  origin  of 

the  "Pennsylvania   Gazette,"  Oct.  2,   1729;  a  rare 
case  of  "prudential  virtue." 

g.  Franklin's  marriage,    Sept.    1,   1730;   some  rare   ex- 

amples of  "prudential  courtship." 

2.  Ideals  of  a  "self-made"  man. 

II.  Franklin's  Achievements  While  a  Private  Citizen  of  Phila- 

delphia. 1730-1757  (Morse,  17-57;  McMaster,  65-167; 
Fisher,  Index  and  Table  of  Contents ;  More,  chaps,  iii-iv ; 
the  various  editions  of  the  Aiitohiography ;  Ford,  Index 
and  Chapter  Headings). 

1.  He  founds  the  "mother  of  all  the  North  American  sub- 

scription libraries;"  his  peculiar  method  of  promoting 
useful  projects  (Morse,  20-21). 

2.  He  founds  "Richard  Saunders"  or  "Poor  Richard,"  Dec. 

1732:  its  character  and  influence. 


20  AMERICAN    STATES  MANS  li  If 

3.  His  newspaper,  the  "Pennsylvania  Gazette." 

a.  Origin  of  editorials. 

6.  Origin  of  commercial  advertising. 

c.  Moral  influence  of  the  Gazette. 

4.  He  founds  the  first  culture  "club,"  the  "Junto";  its  pre- 

decessor, the  "Society  of  the  Free  and  Easy";  Frank- 
lin's theory  of  utilitarian  morals;  his  religious  ideas; 
his  "Art  of  Virtue"  (Morse,  24-85). 

5.  He  founds  the  Philosophical  Society,  1743-4:  and  this  is 

united  with  the  Junto,  1769,  to  form  the  "American 
Philosophical  Society,"  of  which  Franklin  was  presi- 
dent, 1769-1790. 

6.  He  founds  the  Academy,  1743-1751 ;  after  various  changes, 

this  became  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1791; 
why  Franklin  was  chosen  a  trustee  of  the  Academy 
(Morse,  37). 

7.  Eripuit  caelo  fuhnen  sceptrumque  tyrannis  (Turgot's  in- 

scription on  Franklin's  portrait)  :  the  most  famous  kite 
ever  flown,  1752;  Franklin  takes  the  degree  of  M.  A. 
from  both  Harvard  and  Yale,  1753. 

8.  Multifarious  activities  (Morse,  35-57). 

a.  The  first  American  stove  (Parton;  also  Morse,  35- 
56). 

&.  Plaster  of  Paris  (Morse,  36)  :  Franklin  promotes  ag- 
riculture. 

c.  The  "Union  Fire  Company." 

d.  Helps  Dr.  Bond  found  a  hospital,  1751 :  a  notable 

precedent  in  getting  endowments  (Morse,  40-41). 

e.  Paving,  lighting,  and  street-cleaning. 

f.  Postmaster-general,  1753. 

a.  Importance  of  his  work  in  this  oflSce. 

h.  Civil-service  ideals  foreshadowed   (Morse,  43). 

g.  Franklin's    Plan    of    Union,    1754    (Howard,    13-14; 

Frothingham,  Rise  of  Republic), 
h.  His  letters  against  Gov.   Shirley's  plan  of  colonial 

taxation,  1754  (Morse,  46-49). 
i.  He  prepares  Pennsylvania  for  Braddock's  Campaign 

(Morse,  51-54)  :  Franklin  as  a  "Colonel." 

9.  His  Autobiography:  its  literary  and  historical  value. 
III.  Franklin  as  Colonial  Agent,  1757-1775  (Morse,  58-216;  How- 
ard, 124,  128,  136-38,  169-171,  226,  231,  260-65;   More. 
85  ff.;  McMaster,  167  ff.;  Fisher,  210  ff.). 


BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN.  21 

1.  Franklin  and  the  French  and  Indian  War. 

a.  Schemes  of  Shirley  and  others  to  tax  the  colonies. 
1).  Franklin's  ^'Canada   Paper,"  The  Interest  of  Great 

Britain,  etc.   (London,  1760;  or  in  his  Wor]i8,  III, 

69-124). 

2.  Franklin  and  the  Stamp  Act. 

a.  His  discussion  with  Grenville  before  its  passage;  was 
he  mistaken  as  to  the  American  temper? 

&.  His  examination  at  the  bar  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
February  13,  1766. 

3.  The  Hutchinson  letters;  Wedderburn's  arraignment  (1772 

1775). 

4.  Franklin's  views  on  taxation  and  representation. 

IV.  Franklin,  the  Diplomatist  of  the  Revolution  (see  works  above 
cited). 

1.  Genesis  of  the  Federal  Department  of  State  in  the  com- 

mittee for  secret  correspondence  appointed  1775. 

2.  Early  French  observation  of  America. 

a.  Choiseul;  character  and  ability;  attitude  toward 
America;  sends  De  Kalb  to  America,  1768  (Kapp, 
op.  cit.,  53  fi:'. ;  Greene,  German  Element^  91  ff.)  ; 
cause  of  Choiseul's  fall  (Kitchin,  History  of  France, 
III,  465  ff.). 

1).  Yergennes:  character  and  policy;  Vergennes  and 
Turgot  (Bancroft,  op.  cit.,  lY,  364  ff.)  ;  embassy  of 
Bonvouloir,  1776;  his  report  (Durand,  op.  cit.,  1  ff. ; 
services  of  Beaumarchais,  the  typical  secret  agent; 
Comte  de  Broglie  and  the  proposed  stadtholderate 
(Kapp,  op.  cit.,  89-98). 

3.  The  French  Alliance,  1778. 

a.  The  American  commissioners,  1776-78;  Silas  Deane, 
Arthur  Lee,  Benjamin  Franklin;  characters  of 
Deane  and  Lee. 

Z).  Reception  of  Franklin;  his  relation  with  Lee,  Deane, 
John  Adams,  and  Izard. 

c.  The  treaty,  February  6,  1778. 

1)  Its  provisions. 

2)  Influences  wiiich  secured  it. 

d.  English    agents    attempt    to    secure    peace    through 

Franklin. 


22    -  AAIERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

4.  Franklin's  later  services. 
a.  His  life  in  France. 
h.  The  treaty  of  1783. 
c.  His  place  in  American  history. 

EEFERENCES. 

The  best  short  biography  is  J.  T.  Morse,  Benjamm  Franklin,  in 
"American  Statesmen"  series  (1892)  ;  and  the  best  full  biography  is 
James  Parton,  Life  and  Times  of  Benjamin  Franklin  (2  vols.,  1867), 
especially,  II,  107  ff.  See  also  J.  B.  ]McMaster,  Franklin  (1887)  ;  S.  G. 
Fisher,  The  True  Benj.  Franklin  (1899)  ;  the  excellent  book  of  the  two 
Hales,  Franklin  in  France  (2  vols.,  1887-88)  ;  P.  L.  Ford,  The  Many-Sided 
Franklin  (1889)  ;  The  Mayings  of  Poor  Richard  (edited  by  Ford,  1890)  ; 
and  the  good  sketch  in  ISleiv  International  Encyclopaedia,  VIII,  186-87, 
with  a  portrait.  Consult  The  Autobiography  of  Benjamin  Franklin 
(edited  by  Bigelow,  1868  ;  by  Weld,  1855 ;  or  any  of  the  many  editions)  ; 
the  large  Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin  Written  hy  Himself  (revised  edition 
in  3  vols,  by  Bigelow,  1888).  The  best  edition  of  Franklin's  Complete 
Works  is  that  of  Bigelow  (10  vols.,  1887-88)  ;  and  there  is  an  older 
edition  by  Jared  Sparks,  in  10  vols.  Jared  Sparks  has  a  Life  of  Franklin 
(1844)  ;  and  E.  E.  Sparks,  Men  Who  made  the  Nation,  1-46,  an  entertain- 
ing discussion.  Consult  the  "Franklin  Bibliography"  by  P.  L.  Ford 
(1889)  ;  and  the  interesting  discussion  in  Am.  Philosophical  Society, 
Proceedings,  XXVIII,   161-226. 

For  the  principal  events  in  Franklin's  career,  see  the  histories  of 
Bancroft,  Hildreth  (especially  vol.  Ill),  Winsor  (Narrative  and  Critical 
History,  VI),  Trevelyan  (American  Revolution,  I),  and  Lecky  (England 
in  Eighteenth  Century,  III,  chap,  xii)  ;  also  in  the  "American  Nation" 
the  volumes  by  Thwaites,  Howard,  Van  Tyne,  and  McLaughlin  (using 
the  Indexes).  On  the  treaty  of  1782-83  and  the  Convention  of  1787, 
consult  Fiske,  Ci'itical  Period,  chap,  i,  and  Index. 

In  general  on  the  times,  read  Greene,  Historical  View,  chap,  vi ;  idem, 
German  Element,  91  ff. ;  Balch,  French  in  America,  77  f. ;  Eamsay,  Amer- 
ican Revolution,  372  ff. ;  Kapp,  John  Kalb,  45  ff.,  286  ff. ;  Force,  Archives, 
I;  Treaties  and  Conventions,  296-314;  Durand,  Documents  on  American 
Revolution;  Preston,  Documents;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  and  his 
Select  Documents;  Old  South  Leaflets;  and  American  History  Leaflet^i. 
Of  special  importance  is  F.  J.  Turner,  "The  Policy  of  France  toward  the 
Mississippi  Valley  in  the  Period  of  Washington  and  Adams,"  in  American 
Hi.<^t.  Review,  X,  249-79.  Consult  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  Index  at 
"Franklin"  in  vol.  IV. 

Section  VII.     George  Washington,  the  Foremost  American 
(February  22,  1732-December  14,  1799). 

I.  George  Washington  the  Man. 

1.  How  Washington's  place  in  history  was  measured  by  the 
world's  tribute  at  his  death  (Lodge,  Washington.  I,  1-4, 
giving  the  Report  of  Talleyrand;  Johnson,  General 
Washington,  324;  Fiske-Irving,  519-22). 
a.  "General  Washington  is  known  to  us,  and  PresidenI 
Washington ; 


GEORGE   WASHINGTON. 


23 


"l).  "But  George  Washington  is  an  unknown  man"  (Mc- 
Master,  People  of  the  U.  >S\,  II,  452.  Compare 
Lodge,  I,  7,  1-14). 

2.  Ancestry  and  education    (Ford,  15  ff.,  60  ff.;  Johnson, 

1  ff.;  Fiske- Irving,  55  ff.;  Marshall,  chap.  1). 
a.  The  Washingtons  of  Sulgrave  manor,  Northampton 
shire,  England;  false  genealogies  (Lodge,  I,  29  ff). 
6.  The  Virginia  Washingtons,  Lawrence  and  John,  1658. 

c.  Education  of  George,  the  son  of  Mary  Ball,  and  Au- 

gustine, the  grandson  of  John  Washington  (1732- 
1747). 

1)  The  myths  of  Parson  Weems. 

2)  The  teachings  of  Sexton  Hobby  and  Mr.  Will- 

iams. 

3)  The  influence  of  W.  Mather's  The  Young  Man's 

Companion  {Historical  Magazine,  X,  47; 
Sparks,  Writings  of  Washington,  II,  412; 
Lodge,  I.  50-51). 

4)  Was    Wa^^^hington    illiterate?      His    letters    and 

papers    (Lodge,  II,  332-37). 

d.  George  tries  surveying;  also  smallpox  in  Barbadoes 

(1748-1752);  influence  of  Lord  Fairfax  (Lodge,  !, 
52-62). 

e.  "Post  graduate"  work:  the  first  call  to  public  duty, 

1753;  "Major"  and  Adjutant  General  George  W\nsh- 
ington  goes  as  Commissioner  to  French  Creek 
(Lodge.  I,  62-68). 

f.  The  second  call  to  public  duty:    Washington  in  the 

French  and  Indian  War;  Fort  Necessity;  Brad- 
dock's  Field;  other  events  (Johnson,  27-66;  Fiske- 
Irving,  65  ff.). 

3.  George's  courtships;  marriage  to  the  widow  Custis,  1750 

(Lodge,  I,  92  ff. ;  Ford,  84  ff.;  Johnson.  67  ff. ;  Fiske- 
Irving,  98-99,  110-111). 

4.  Personal    characteristics     (Lodge,    II,    298    ff.,    379    ff. ; 

Schouler,  I,  117-126,  451). 

a.  Personal  appearance;  physical  traits  (Ford,  True 
George  Washington,  38-59;  Lodge,  II,  379  ff.). 

h.  Moral  traits;  false  charges;  Parson  Weems'  anec- 
dotes. 

1)  Immorality  not  proved. 

2)  Coldness  of  heart  and  niggardliness  not  proved; 


24  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

he  was  a  just  employer,  a  good  master,  a  thrifty 
business  man  (Lodge,  II,  347-63;  McMaster,  II, 
453). 

3)  His    character   as    revealed   in    his   social    life, 

tastes,  and  amusements  (See  Ford  and  Lodge). 

4)  His   temper:    illustrations    (Lodge,   II,   385   ff. ; 

McMaster,  II,  43-44,  110-11;  Ford,  206,  217, 
226,  261,  271-72). 

5)  His  courage;  recklessness  in  battle. 

6)  His  love  of  justice:  case  of  Andre. 

7)  Question  of  his  religious  beliefs. 

8)  Was  he  a  "tax-dodger"? 
c.  Intellectual  traits. 

1)  Constancy. 

2)  Thoroughness;   orderly   business   methods;   con- 

dition of  his  papers. 

3)  Patriotism;   conscious   use  of  his  position  and 

prestige  for  the  public  good. 

4)  Common  sense  and  sound  judgment;  his  knowl- 

edge of  men  (Lodge,  II,  329-31). 

5)  Manysided  statesmanship. 

IL  Washington  the  Soldier  (Ford,  268-292;  Fiske,  Am.  Revolu- 
tio7i,  Index;  Johnson,  chapter  headings;  Carrington, 
chapter  headings  and  Index). 

1.  His  training  in  the  French  war,  1753-1758. 

2.  His   generalship    (see   Fiske,    Carrington,   and    Johnson, 

above  cited). 

a.  How  shoAvn  by  the  plans  and  campaigns  of  1777 
(Fiske,  American  Revolution^  I,  249-344;  Johnson. 
146-175;  Fiske-Irving,  274  ff.). 

6.  How  shown  by  the  Yorktown  Campaign ;  Cornwallis's 
judgment  (Fiske,  Am.  Revolution,  II,  290;  Fiske- 
Irving,  421-83;  Johnson,  256-66). 

c.  How  shown  in  the  siege  of  Boston,  1775-1776  (Fiske- 

Irving,    166    ff. ;    Frothingham,    Siege    of    Boston; 
Fiske,  Am.  Revolution,  I,  154  ff.).  • 

d.  Other  illustrations. 

III.  Washington  the  Citizen,  the  Statesman,  and  the  President 
(Ford,  ^93-310;  Lodge,  II,  298  ff.,  317  ff.). 
1.  Washington  and  the  opening  of  the  West :  is  he  a  typical 
American?    Has  he  traits  of  the  "western"  American? 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON.  -*J 

'"(Adams,  in  J.  H.   U.  mudies,  III,  80-102;  Lodge,  II, 
14-17,  317  ft".;  Bancroft,  History,  \l,  113-14,  125  ff.). 

2.  Washington's  influence  on  the  call  for  a  convention  and 

on  the  making  and  the  character  of  the  federal  constitu- 
tion (Johnson,  282  ff.;  Bancroft,  History,  VI,  115, 
passim;  idem,  Constitution,  I,  16-22,  100  ff . ;  Fiske-Irv- 
ing,  492-93,  496-97;  Curtis,  Constitution.,  I,  230  n.  2, 
231,  265-73;  Lodge,  Washington,  II,  16  ff.;  Sumner, 
Fitiancier,  I,  258-59;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  54,  100,  106- 
107,  162;  McMaster,  I,  277-78;  Marshall,  Washington, 
V,  90;  McLaughlin,  87,  166,  169,  175,  180,  184,  185,  191, 
280,  293,  299). 

3.  Washington  the  President :  greatness  of  the  task  of  or- 

ganizing the  federal  government  under  the  constitution 

(Schouler,  I,  77  ff.). 

a.  His  cabinets  (Lodge,  II,  60-70,  242;  Schouler,  I,  107- 
12). 

1).  His  theory  of  federal  patronage  and  of  the  civil  serv- 
ice (Schouler,  I,  108). 

e.  His  Indian  policy. 

d.  The  great  organic  statutes  of  his  administration. 

4.  Illustrations  of  Washington's  Statesmanship. 

a,  tlis  ''Legacy,"  June  8,  1783  (Fiske.  Critical  Period, 
54,  50-55';"^ Bancroft,  History,  Yl,  89  ff.). 

h.  His  action  on  the  ''Xewburg  address,"  March  11, 
1783  (Fiske,  ojk  cit,,  108-112;  Bancroft,  VI,  70-77; 
McLaughlin,  65-67). 

c.  His  first  inaugural  address,  April  30,  1789  (Richard- 

son, Messages,  I,  51  ff. ;  Williams,  Statesman's  Man- 
ual, I,  31-33). 

d.  His     ''neutrality     proclamation,"     April     22,     1793 

(Schouler,  I,  244-45;  Richardson,  I,  156-57). 

e.  His  "farewell  address,"  Sept.  17,  1796  (Williams,  I, 

69-78;  Richardson,  I,  213  ff.). 

5.  Washington  and  his  political  enemies;  how  he  endured 

abuse  and  slander  (Fiske-Irving,  513;  McMaster,  People 
of  U.  S.,  II,  111,  113,  204-205.  228,  230,  249-50,  260-61, 
275-76,  289-91,  302-306 ;  Ford,  240-67,  206-208,  227 ;  Lodge, 
II,  219,  234-35,  240,  246,  248,  251-53,  301). 

EEFEREXCES. 
The    most    satisfactory    general    biography    is    that    of    H.    C.    Lodge. 
George  Washington   (2  vols.,  1893).     P.  L.  Ford.  The  True  George  Wash- 
ington   (1897)    is  best  for  the  details  of  Washington  social  and  private 


-O  AMERICAN    STATESMAN  SHU 

life.  See  also  the  entertaining  book  of  B.  T.  Johnson,  General  Waslting- 
ton  (1894)  ;  and  the  popular  and  mainly  uncritical  Washington  The 
Soldier  (1898)  by  H.  B.  Carrington.  Irving,  Qeorge  Washington  (5  vols., 
1855-59)  has  been  abridged  by  John  Fiske,  Washington  and  His  Country 
(1887).  John  Marshall,  Life  of  George  Washington  (5  vols.,  1804-1807; 
or  2  vols.,  1832)  is  still  useful.  There  are  short  biographies  by  E.  E. 
Plale  (1888),  Woodrow  Wilson  (1897),  C.  C.  King,  (1894),  H.  E.  Scuddei 
(1889),  G.  E.  Seelye  (1893),  and  Jared  Sparks.  E.  E.  Sparks,  Men  Who 
made  the  Nation,  181-217,  has  a  lively  account;  and  W.' C.  Ford,  George 
Washington  (2  vols.,  1900),  is  excellent.  Consult  A.  B.  Hart,  Contem- 
poraries, Index  in  vol.  IV;  G.  W.  P.  Custis,  Recollections  of  Washington 
(ed.  by  Lossing,  1860)  ;  Richard  Rush,  Washington  in  Domestic  Life 
(1857)  ;  B.  F.  Hough,  Washingtoniana  (rev.  ed.,  1865)  ;  B.  J.  Lossing. 
Diary  of  George  Washington,  1789-1791  (1840)  ;  W.  S.  Baker.  Washington 
After  the  Revolution,  178Jrl799  (1898)  ;  J.  M.  Toner,  "George  Washington's 
Library,"  in  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.  Report,  1892,  71-169.  John  Fiske,  Amer- 
ican Revolution  (2  vols.,  1892),  has  interesting  accounts  of  W^ashington's 
campaigns.  On  the  military'  and  political  career  of  Washington,  read 
C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution  (1905),  Index  and  Contents;  A.  C. 
]SrcLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Constitution,  Index  at  Washington ; 
Hov^^ard,  Preliminaries  of  the  Revolution,  287,  297,  311,  334  ;  the  histories 
of  Trevelyan,  Hildreth,  Bancroft,  Winsor,  Schouler,  and  McMaster,  II; 
also  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union;  Greene,  Historical  View;  Lodge, 
American  Revolution  (2  vols.,  1898)  ;  Lossing,  Field  Book  of  the  Revolu- 
tion; J.  A.  Harrison,  Washington. 

The  best  edition  of  the  Writings  of  Washington  is  that  of  W.  C.  Ford  ; 
and  we  have  an  older  edition  by  Jared  Sparks.  The  Letters  of  Washing- 
ton  (3  vols.,  1 898-1901)   have  been  edited  by  Hamilton. 

Section  VIII.    Alexander  Hamilton^  the  Organizer  op  Amer- 
ican Finance  (January  11,  1757- July  12,  1804). 

I.  Early  Life  of  Hamilton,  1757-1776  (Lodge,  1-12,  28r,-97;  Fiske, 
Critical  Period,  124-26;  Sumner,  1-9;  Morse,  I,  1-20; 
J.  C.  Hamilton,  History  of  the  RepuhUc;  Hamilton's 
Works,  VII,  472,  VIII,  166,  351,  463,  465). 

1.  Uncertainty  as  to  his  parentage,  date  of  birth,  and  events 

of  his  early  boyhood:  was  he  illegitimate?  Value  of 
Timothy  Pickering's  memoranda,  1822;  Contradictory 
statements  of  J.  C.  Hamilton,  Alexander's  son  (Ix)dge, 
1-2,  285-97;  Bancroft,  United  States,  IV,  110-13;  J.  C. 
Hamilton,  Histoid  of  the  RepuMic.  VII,  842). 

2.  Desultory  elementary  education  in  Nevis. 

3.  Hamilton,  the  merchant's  clerk,  1769-1772:  the  Secretary 

of  the  Treasury  foreshadowed;  the  account  of  a  hurri- 
cane his  first  literary  production. 

4.  Hamilton  at  Elizabethtown  grammar  school  and  King's 

College   (Columbia)  ;  literary  efforts,  1772-1774. 

5.  Hamilton    chooses   the   colonial   side   in   the   Revolution, 

1774-1776. 


ALEXANDER  HAMILTUIN.  Zi 

a.  His  speech  in  the  ''Fields,"  July  6,  1774  (Hamilton, 
Works,  I;  Lodge,  7-8;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  126; 
Morse,  I,  10-12). 

}),  His  two  tracts  against  the  "Westchester  Farmer" 
(Samuel  Seabury),  1774-75  (Tyler,  Lit.  Hist,  of 
Am.  Rev.,  I,  329-55;  Sumner,  4-5;  Morse,  I,  13-14). 

c.  Resists  the  mob-violence  of  the  "Liberty-Boys";   de- 

fense of  Dr.  Cooper  (Sumner,  7-8;  Morse,  I,  14-19). 

d.  Captain   of  an   artillery   company,   1776    (Morse,   T, 

21-22). 

II.  Hamilton  in  the  War  for  Independence,  1776-1781    (Lodge, 

13-31;  Morse,  I,  20-63;  Sumner,  104-107). 

1.  As  artillery  captain:  Long  Island,  White  Plains,  Trenton, 

Princeton,  1776-1777. 

2.  As  Washington's  aide,  March  1,  1777-February  16,  1781 

(Lodge,  14-23;  Morse,  I,  25  ff.). 

a.  Was  he  author  of  Washington's  correspondence  and 

military  papers? 
6.  His  mission  to  General  Gates. 
c.  His  quarrel  with  Washington,  February  16,  1781. 

3.  The  storm  of  the  Yorktown  redoubt. 

4.  Estimate  of  his  military  ability. 

III.  Hamilton  the  Statesman. 

1.  His  powers  displayed  in  the  Congress  of  the  Confedera- 

tion and  as  a  lawyer;  the  case  of  Rutgers  vs.  Wadding- 
ton  (Lodge,  32  ff.,  46-49;  Fiske,  127-129;  Morse,  I,  143 
ff.). 

2.  His  work   for  a  stronger  government  than   the  Confed- 

eration and  for  a  constitutional  convention  (Morse, 
Hamilton,  I,  155-76;  Lodge,  50-57;  McLaughlin,  170: 
Schouler,  I,  24  ff. ;  Curtis,  Constitution,  I,  273-82 ;  Ban- 
croft, Constitution,  I,  13,  25-26  (Continentalist  Papers). 
a.  His    remarkable    letter    on    paper    money    and    the 

finances  of  the  Confederation,  1780   (Lodge,  26-28; 

Siiuipcr,  107-108). 
l.  Bank  scheme;  other  financial  projects  (Sumner,  108 

ff.). 
c.  His  letter  to  James  Duane  outlining  a  constitution 

needed  and  suggesting  a  constitutional  convention 

(Curtis,  I,  138,  note,  236-39,  note;  Lodge,  Works 

of  Hamilton,  I;  Sumner,  112). 


28  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

d.  His  work  for  and  in  the  Annapolis  Convention,  1781) 
(Bancroft,  Constitution,  1,  267  ff.)- 

1)  How  he  secured  representation  from  New  York. 

2)  How  he  won  the  call  for  a  constitutional  con- 

vention to  be  held  in  1787  (Bancroft.  Constitu- 
tion, T,  267  If.). 

3)  How  he  worked  for  New  New  York's  participa- 

tion   in    that   Convention    (Bancroft,   History, 
VI,  195  ff.;  idem,  Constitution.  I,  274-78). 

3.  His  work  for  the  Constitution,  1787-1788   (Lodge,  49-80; 

Morse,  I,  176-237;  Sumner,  130  ff.). 

a.  His  ''plan"  for  a  constitution  presented  m  the  Con- 
vention of  1787  (Elliot,  Debates,  I,  179-80;  Fiske, 
Critical  Period,  246;  McLaughlin,  218-19;  Schouler, 
I,  40-41;  Lodge,  60-65;  Morse,  I,  195  ff.). 

h.  His  share  in  the  Federalist ;  its  character  and  im- 
portance (Fiske,  34  ff.;  Lodge,  66  ff. ;  Morse,  I,  240 
ff.;  Schouler,  I,  57;  McLaughlin,  307-308). 

c.  His  work  in  the  New  York  convention  for  ratification 

of  the  Constitution  (Fiske,  343  ff.;  Lodge,  70-80; 
Morse,  I,  238-75;  Sumner,  136  ff.;  McLaughlin,  310 
11;  Bancroft,  History,  YI,  452  ff.). 

4.  His  work  as  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Sept.  1789-Jan. 

31,   1795    (Lodge,  84-135;   Schouler,   I,   130-42,   158-162. 

181,  186-87;  Morse,  I,  276-425;  Sumner,  144-83;  Morse. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  97-109;   Bassett,  Federalist  System. 

27-41;    Dewey,   Financial  History,   75   ff. ;   MacDonald, 

46-112). 

a.  First  ''Report  on  Public  Credit." 

1)  Nature  of  the  financial  problem. 

2)  His  funding  scheme;  opposition  elicited  by  the 

proposed  assumption  by  the  federal  government 
of  state  debts. 

3)  The  compromise:  assumption    and    the    capital 

location;  was  Jefferson  "duped"  by  Hamilton? 

h.  Second  Report  on  Public  Credit :  an  excise  tax  recom- 
mended. 

e.  Report  on  the  national  bank:  doctrine  of  implied 
powers  first  advanced. 

d.  Report  on   the  establishment  of  a   mint:  the  U.   S. 

decimal  system  of  coinage  adopted  in  consequence. 

e.  Report  on  manufactures :  lays  the  foundation  of  the 


^  ALEXANDER  HAMILTON.  •  29 

entire  protective  tariff  argument    (see  the  Report 
in  Taussig,  State  Papers,  1-107;  MacDonald,  Select 
Documents,  98-112;  Annals  of  Congress,  I,  106  ff.). 
f.  Other  reports  and  financial  measures. 

IV.  Hamilton   the  Politician   and   Federalist  Leader    (Bassett, 
Federalist  St/stem,  42-55,  and  Index  at  Hamilton). 

1.  Antagonism  of  Hamilton  and  John  Adams:  causes  and 

results. 

a.  Small  electoral  vote  for  Adams  in  1789  through  Ham- 
ilton's scheme  (Schouler,  I,  71-72). 

6.  Hamilton's  scheme  to  defeat  Adams  in  the  election 
of  1796   (Schouler,  I,  327,  334-35;  Lodge,  194-202), 

c.  Hamilton  writes  down  Adams  at  the  election  of  1800 
(Schouler,  I,  468-73;  Lodge,  229-35). 

2.  Antagonism  of  Hamilton  and  Jefferson  as  party  leaders 

(Morse,  Thomas  Jefferson,  100  ff.,  111-45;  Sumner,  170- 

71,  184-90;  Lodge,  136-52). 

a.  Comparison     of     their     theories      of      government 

(Schouler,  I,  170-77,  202  ff.). 
I).  Party  dissensions ;  development  of  the  Federalist  and 

Anti-Federalist    (''Republican")    parties. 

1)  Influence  of  John  Adams's  Discourses  on  Davila 

(Schouler,  I,  175-76;  Morse,  Thomas  Jefferson, 
131-32;  Lodge,  136  ff . ;  Sumner,  184-90). 

2)  Influence  of  the  newspapers   (Schouler,  I,  175, 

177-79,  206  ff.;  Morse,  IL  Iff.). 

3  Influence  of  Jefferson  backed  by  Freneau's  Ga- 
zette (Schouler,  I,  177,  206-12-  Morse,  Thomas 
Jefferson,  132  ff.). 

4)  Influence  of  Hamilton  backed  by  Fenno's  Na- 
tional Gazette  (Schouler,  I,  208  ff.;  Sumner, 
189). 

c.  The   attack   on   Hamilton   in   Jefferson's  Anas,   first 

published,  1818  (Morse,  Thomas  Jefferson,  109,  113, 
115-116,  121-22,  125-26;  Schouler,' I,  176;  Randall's 
Jefferson) . 

d.  Hamilton  investigated,  1792-93  (Schouler.  I,  200-201, 

217-20;  Lodge,  148-52;  Morse,  II,  20-66;  Hildreth, 
IV,  394-404). 

1)  His  indiscretions. 

2)  Investigation  and  vindication. 


30  "  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

e.  Alleged  British  sympathy  of  Hamilton   (Lodge,  153- 

187;  Sumner,  200-24;  Morse,  II,  chap,  iii;  Sehouler, 

I). 

1)  Favors  neutrality  and  Jay^s  Treaty  (Morse,  II, 

72  ft'.;  Hildreth^  IV,  411  ff.). 

2)  Criticises  the  French  Revolution  (Lodge,  253  ft.). 

3)  Opposes  Genet. 

4)  Federalists  favor  war  with  France. 

f.  Hamilton  and  the  Miranda  schemes:  evidence  of  hiy 

failing  judgment. 

g.  Hamilton's  dishonorable  scheme  for  robbing  Burr  and 

the  Republicans  of  the  electoral  vote  of  New  York 

(Lodge,  226-28). 
3.  Antagonism  of  Hamilton  and  Burr  (Schouler,  I,  465,  483 
88,  II,  61-66;  Lodge,  245-71;  Morse,  I,  345-72;  Sumner, 
246-50;    Hildreth,    lY,   296-300,   357-73;   Henry   Adams, 
History  of  U.  8.,  II,  183-91). 
a.  Why  Burr  challenged  Hamilton. 
6.  Why  Hamilton  accepted  the  challenge   (see  Lodge's 

defense,  250-71). 
c.  Moral  effect  of  the  duel :  the  "code  of  honor"  abolished 

in  the  North:  sermon  of  Proctor  Knott  (Johnston, 

American  Orations  (first  edition),  I). 

Y.  Hamilton  the  Man  (Morse,  II,  313-44;  Sumner,  250-60;  Hil 
dreth,  History  of  U.  S.,  lY,  296 ;  Morris,  Diary  of  Gouv- 
eimeur  Morris,  II,  456,  474,  523;  Schouler,  II,  63  ff . ; 
Lodge,  271-84). 

1.  Personal  appearance;  manners;  eloquence;  power  as  an 

advocate. 

2.  Social  characteristics. 

3.  Intellectual  traits;  literary  skill;  thoroughness;  reason 

ing  power. 

4.  Moral  character. 

a.  Rectitude  in  public  and  private  business. 

1).  Generosity  and  sense  of  justice;  courage;  sympathy 
with  the  weak. 

c.  Political  morality:  his  acts  not  without  minor  blem- 
ishes. 

(I.  Private  morals:  his  fame  tarnished  by  the  Reynolds' 
scandal  (see  Parton,  Life  of  Jefferson;  Morse,  II, 
336-37;  Schouler,  I,  362-63;  Bassett,  215-17). 


%  THOMAS  JEFFERSON.  31 

EEFEKENCES. 

The  best  short  biographies  are  H.  C.  Lodge,  Alexander  Hamilton 
(1893)  ;  and  W.  G.  Sumner,  Alexander  Hamilton  (1890).  A  larger  work 
is  J.  T.  Morse,  Alexander  Hamilton  (2  vols.,  1876).  There  are  biographies 
by  Conant  (1901)  ;  J.  C.  Hamilton  (2  vols.,  1834-40)  ;  George  Shea,  Life 
and  Epoch  of  Alexander  Hamilton  (1877)  ;  S.  M.  Smucker,  Life  and  Times 
of  Alexander  Hamilton  (1856)  ;  and  a  sketch  by  E.  E.  Sparks,  Men  Who 
Made  the  Nation,  151-80.  Fiske's  Critical  Period,  Morse's  Jefferson, 
Henry  Adams's  United  States,  Schouler's  United  States,  Hildreth's  United 
States,  Randall's  Jefferson,  McLaughlin's  Confederation  and  Constitution, 
McMaster's  People  of  the  United  States,  and  the  two  works  of  Bancroft 
have  much  relating  to  Hamilton.  The  financial  measures  of  Hamilton 
are  treated  by  D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  75  ff.,  giving  a  good 
bibliography.  His  great  reports  are  in  the  first  volumes  of  the  Annals 
of  Congress;  the  Report  on  manufactures  in  Taussig,  as  above  cited;  and 
many  of  his  papers  in  MacDonald,  Select  Documents.  Compare  O.  L. 
Elliott,  Tariff  Controversy,  67-130;  von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  I, 
83  if.;  and  Lodge,  "Alexander  Hamilton,"  in  his  Studies  in  History,  132- 
181.  J.  C.  Hamilton's  History  of  the  Repuhlic  of  the  United  States  as 
Traced  in  the  Writi7igs  of  Alexander  Hamilton  and  his  Contemporarief 
(7  vols.,  1857-64 ;  4th  ed.,  1879)  is  a  mine  of  materials,  but  it  is  not  alv/ays 
trustvi^orthy.  There  is  a  bibliography  on  Hamilton  by  Ford,  Bihliotheca 
HamiUonia  (1886).  Parton's  Life  of  Burr  and  his  Life  of  Jefferson  have 
much  matter  on  Hamilton. 

Read  the  sketch  in  Neio  International  Encyclopaedia,  IX,  499-501. 
Tyler,  Literary  History  of  the  Am,erican  Revolution,  gives  entertaining 
accounts  of  Hamilton's  early  revolutionary  writings.  The  best  edition 
of  Hamilton's  Writings  is  that  of  H.  C.  Lodge.  For  separate  editions  of 
some  of  his  more  important  papers,  consult  the  University  Card  Cata- 
logue, and  for  source-material,  see  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  Index  in 
vol.  IV. 

Section    IX.     Thomas   Jefferson,   the   Father  op   American 
Democracy  (1743-1826). 

I.  Early  Life  of  Jefferson,  to  1775  (Morse,  Thomas  Jefferson. 
1-25;  Merwin,  Thomas  Jefferson,  1-35;  Curtis,  17-54; 
Tucker,  I,  20-79;  Randall,  I,  1-110). 

1.  Uncertainty  as  to  the  origin  of  the  Jeffersons;  probably 

from  Snowdon,  Wales;  character  of  his  father,  Peter 
Jefferson  (d.  1757)  ;  of  his  mother,  Jane  Randolph. 

2.  Education;  entered  William  and  Mary  College,  1760;  his 

studies,  tastes,  and  pursuits;  influence  of  Professor  Wil- 
liam Small;  law  studies  in  office  of  George  Wythe;  the 
partie  quarree. 

3.  Courtships ;  marries  Widow  Skelton,  Jan.  1,  1772 ;  worldly 

goods. 

4.  At  the  bar,  1767-1774;  his  early  success  compared  with 

that  of  Patrick  Henry  (see  above  Sec.  Ill;  and  Morse 
IT;  Curtis.  55  ff.). 


32  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

5.  Jefferson's  love  of  agriculture;  his  utilitarian  philosophy 

compared  with  that  of  Franklin  (Morse,  11-16;  Curtis, 
90-118). 

6.  In  the  House  of  Burgesses,  1769-1775. 

a.  Non-importation  league.  May  1769. 

ft.  Intercolonial   committees  of  correspondence  created, 

March,  1773.  (Merwin,  37-38). 
c.  Proceedings  after  news  of  Boston  Port  Bill,  1774: 

Jefferson's  ''Eights  of  British  America"  (Morse,  20- 

24;  Merwin,  38-39). 

7.  Jefferson's  draft  of  reply  to  Lord  North's  "Olive  branch," 

adopted  by  Burgesses,  June  10,  1775. 

II.  Jefferson   the   Statesman  and   Diplomatist,   1775-1784    (Mer- 

win, 36-70;  Curtis,  119-139;  Morse,  26-76;  Tucker,  I,  79- 
188;  Randall,  I,  111  f.). 

1.  In  the  Revolution:  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

2.  Reform  work  in  Virginia  (Curtis,  140  ff. ;  Morse,  43  ff.). 

a.  Abolition  of  entails. 

&.  Establishment  of  religious  freedom  in  Virginia,  1777- 

1786. 
c.  Other  measures. 

3.  Governor  of  Virginin,  1779-1781  (Morse,  55  ff.). 

4.  In  the  Burgesses,  1781-1783. 

5.  Envoy  and  minister  to  France,  1784-1789  (Merwin,  71-81; 

Morse,  77-95;  Tucker,  I,  189-279;  Randall,  I,  411  ff.). 
a.  Influence  of  Jefferson  on  the  French  Revolution. 
6.  Influence  of  the  French  Revolution  on  Jefferson. 

6.  Secretary  of  state,  1790-1793   (Morse,  96  ff.;  Merwin,  82 

ff.;  Tucker,  I,  340  ff.;  Randall,  I,  554  ff.). 

a.  Rivalry  of  Jefferson  and  Hamilton. 

6.  Party  dissension  (Curtis,  269  ff . ;  Tucker,  I,  372  ft\). 

7.  Vice-President,  1797-1801  (Morse,  173  ff.). 

a.  Jefferson,  leader  of  the  Republicans. 
6.  Kentucky  Resolutions. 

c.  Election  of  1800:    Burr  and  Jefferson  in  the  House: 
influence  of  Hamilton  against  Burr. 

III.  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Federalist  Party:  the  Revolution  of 

1800. 

1.  Services  of  the  Federalists:  w^ork  of  Hamilton;  influence 

of  Washington. 

2.  Causes  of  the  fall  of  the  Federalists. 


THOMAS  JEFFERSON.  33 

a.  Foreign  policy :  indiscretions  of  the  "war  party"  lead 
to  "alien  and  sedition  laws/'  and  to  war  with 
France. 

T).  Domestic  policy:  the  direct  tax. 

c.  Party    dissensions;    Adams's    cabinet;    the    "Essex 

Junto";   characteristics  of  Adams;   his   "midnight 
appointments";  the  new  circuit  courts. 

d.  Aristocratic     tendencies;     views    of    Hamilton;     of 

Adams. 

IV.  Character   and   Palicy   of  Thomas   Jefferson    (Hildreth,   V, 
419  ff.;  Hart,  176-78;  Schouler,  II,  200  ff.). 

1.  His  personal  appearance  (Adams,  United,  states,  I,  185- 

87). 

2.  Sources  of  his  great  influence  over  the  masses. 

a.  Sincere  confidence  in  the  rising  principle  of  pure 
democracy  of  which  he  was  the  best  exponent. 

Z>.  Capacity  to  organize;    to    draft  public  documents; 
literary  skill. 
,  c.  Social  powers;  table  talk. 

3.  Faults  and  limitations. 

a.  Mistaken  view  of  human  nature. 
6.  Too  much  self-confidence. 

c.  A  poor  speaker;  lacked  aggressive  power,  but  able  to 
lead  others  to  fight  for  him. 

4.  His     theories    (Morse,     Jefferson,    90-93,     103,     209-18; 

Schouler,  I,  2-15). 

a.  Champion  of  religious  liberty;  the  friend  of  science 

and  the  enemy  of  slavery. 
1).  Political  doctrines. 

1)  Influence  of  Rousseau  and  the  French  Revolu- 

tion :  believer  in  little  government  and  the  rule 
of  the  masses  rather  than  the  classes. 

2)  A  strict  constructionist;  drafted  the  Kentucky 

Resolutions. 

3)  Hated  a  national  debt  and  thought  internal  im- 

provements unconstitutional. 

4)  Disliked  the  use  of  force  against  insurrections: 

attitude    toward    Shays'    Rebellion     and     the 
Whiskey  Insurrection. 

5)  Opposed  a  standing  army  and  a  large  navy. 

c.  In  some  respects  he  was  far  ahead  of  his  age:  the 
3 


34  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP, 

leader  in  many  ideas  which  have  prevailed  in  the 
thought  of  the  century. 

V.  Jefferson's  Administration. 

1.  His  theory  of  republican  government  compared  with  that 

of  the  Federalists. 

2.  Theory  and  practice  as  to  the  civil  service. 

3.  Repeal   of  judiciary   act,   1802;   Marybury  vs.   Madison, 

1803;  impeachments  of  Pickering  and  Chase. 

4.  Louisiana  purchase,  1803. 

5.  The  "restrictive  system";  failure- of  the  policy  of  "non- 

resistance." 

6.  Jefferson's  services  to  the  nation. 

KEFERENCES. 

A  standard  work  is  James  Parton,  Life  (2  vols.,  1874)  ;  and  there  are 
good  short  biographies  by  Schouler,  Thomas  Jefferson  (1893)  ;  H.  C. 
Merwin,  Thomas  Jefferson  (1901)  ;  W.  E.  Curtis,  The  True  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson (1901),  each  with  a  portrait;  and  especially  J.  T.  Morse,  Thomas 
Jefferson  (1893).  Serviceable  also  are  H.  S.  Randall,  Life  of  Thomas 
Jefferson  (3  vols.  1858,  1888)  ;  Sarah  N.  Randall,  Domestic  Life  of  Thomas 
Jefferson  (1876)  ;  H.  W.  Pierson,  Private  Life  of  Jefferson  (1862)  ;  George 
Tucker,  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson  (2  vols.,  1837)  ;  Farnam,  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson (1900).  Read  also  lYent,  Southern  Statesmen  of  the  Old  Regime 
(1897)  ;  and  E.  E.  Sparks,  Men  Who  Made  the  Nation,  218-54. 

All  the  histories  of  the  period  have  discussions :  see  Hart,  Formation 
of  the  Union,  154-98;  Bryant  and  Gay,  United  States,  I,  144-84;  Von 
Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  I,  168-226 ;  Tucker,  United  States,  II,  146  ff. ; 
Bradford,  Constitutional  History,  I,  202-329;  Hildreth,  United  States, 
V,  419  fe. :  McMaster,  II,  533  fl:.,  583  ff. ;  Schouler,  United  States,  II,  1  ff. ; 
Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  82-85,  249;  McLaughlin,  Confederation 
and  Constitution,  7,  41,  107,  114-17,  175;  Bassett,  Federalist  System, 
Index;  Channing,  Jeffersonian  System,  Index  and  Table  of  Contents; 
especially  Henry  Adams,  United  States,  vols.  I-IV,  the  best  account  of 
Jefferson's  administration. 

There  are  also  interesting  passages  in  Adams,  Randolph,  48-61,  71-73, 
123-31 ;  Gay,  Madison,  252-56 ;  Stevens,  Gallatin,  289  ff. ;  and  Adams, 
Gallatin  (1879). 

For  source  materials,  see  Jefferson's  TTor/r^?  (Congressional  ed.,  1853- 
55)  ;  the  better  edition  of  P.  L.  Ford  (10  vols.,  1892-99)  ;  T.  J.  Randolph, 
Memoirs  and  Correspondence  of  Jefferson  (4  vols.,  1829)  ;  Williams, 
Statesman's  Manual,  J,  139  ff. ;  Richardson,  Messages,  I,  317-461;  J.  Q. 
Adams,  Memoirs,  I,  248-551,  Index;  Johnston,  Orations,  I,  99-108;  W. 
Sullivan.  Familiar  Letters,  187-289 ;  Goodrich,  Recollections,  I,  106-37, 
265-98;  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  1-6,  149-71;  H.  B.  Tompkins,  Bil)- 
Uotheca  Jeffersonia  (1887)  ;  and  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  Index  in 
vol.  IV.  Other  accounts  are  C.  DeWitt,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Etude  His- 
torique  (Paris,  1861)  ;  the  same  translated  by  R.  S.  H.  Church  (London, 
1862)  ;  Theodore  Dwight,  The  Character  of  Thomas  Jefferson  as  exhibited 
in  his  own  Writings  (1839)  ;  and  Gaillard  Hunt,  "Office-Seeking  during 
Jefferson's  Administration,"  in  American  Hist.  Review,  III,  270-91.  Manu- 
scripts of  Jefferson  in  the  Library  of  Congress  are  calendared  in  Bureau 
of  Rolls  and  Library,  Department  of  State,  Bulletins,  VI,  VIII,  X. 


JOHN   MARSHALL.  35 

Section  X.     John  Marshall,  the  Expounder  of  the  Consti- 
tution (1755-1835). 

I.  Characteristics  of  John  Marshall. 

1.  Parentage  and  early  education. 

2.  Services  in  the  Revolution;  as  a  soldier;  as  a  judge  advo- 

cate of  the  army. 

3.  Legal  education,  1779-81. 

4.  At  the  bar,  1781-1801. 

a.  State  of  Virginia  law  after  the  Revolution ;  Marshall's 

peculiar  fitness  for  his  task  (Magruder,  28  ff.). 
&.  Personal  appearance;  style  of  speaking  (Howe,  Eis 

torical  Collections,  266;  Wirt,  in  Magruder,  35-37; 

Gilmer,  in  Magruder,  66;  Adams,  U.  S.,  I,  193). 
c.  Prestige  as  a  lawyer;  the  case  of  Ware  vs.  Hilton, 

1796  (3  Dallas,  199;  Comt.  Hist,  and  Amer.  Law 

67). 

II.  Public  Services,  1782-1801. 

1.  In  the  legislature,  1782,  1784,  1787;  in  the  executive  coun- 

cil, 1783. 

2.  In    the    Virginia    constitutional    convention,    1788    (Ma- 

gruder, 57-87:  three  speeches,  on  taxation,  militia,  and 
judiciary  (Elliot,  III,  222,  419,  551-5). 

3.  A  member  of  the  French  mission,  1797-8. 

4.  In  Congress,  1799-1801. 

5.  Refuses  appointment    as    minister    to    France,  attorney 

general,  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and  secretary  of 
war  (1796-1801). 

6.  Became  secretary  of  state. 

7.  Appointed  chief  justice. 

III.  Marshall  and  Jefferson. 

1.  Marshall's  Life  of  Washington,  and  Jefferson's  Anas. 

2.  Marshall  and  the  inauguration  of  Jefferson  (Adams,  U.  S., 

I,  193). 

IV.  John  Marshall  and  the  Settlement  of  the  Constitution. 

1.  Significance   of   his   opportunity:   what  the   constitution 
''might  have  been"  through  a  different  interpretation. 
a.  Complexity  of  his  task. 

h.  Popular  sentiment  regarding  the  constitution  (Von 
Hoist,  I,  62-3,  83;  Bryce,  I,  223;  Bancroft,  Consti- 
tution, II,  363  (Washington)  ;  Marshall,  Washing- 
ton, V,  33). 


36  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP 

2.  He  reveals  the  powers  of  the  supreme  court. 

a.  Previous  to  1801  less  than  100  decisions  by  the  court. 
6.  Of  these  decisions,  only  six  involved  constitutional 
questions. 

1)  Chisholm  vs.  Georgia,  1792-4  (2  Dallas,  419,  480; 

Constitutional  History,  70-1). 

2)  Hollingsworth  vs.  Virginia  (3  Dallas,  378  ff.). 

3)  Fowler  vs.  Lindsey,   1799    (3  Dallas,  411).  Cf, 

Marshall's  decision  in  Osborn  vs.  U.  S.  Bank  (9 
Wheaton,  846-859). 

4)  Hylton  vs.  U.  S.,  1796  (3  Dallas,  171).    Of.    Pa- 

cific Ins.  Co.  vs.  Soule  (7  Wallace,  433-4). 

5)  Calder  vs.  Bull,  1798,  relating  to  ex  post  facto 

laws  (3  Dallas,  386). 

6)  Cooper  vs.  Telfair,  1800  (4  Dallas,  14).     In  the 

last  two  cases,  the  court  does  not  decide  that  it 
can  declare  unconstitutional  laws  void  (see 
Const.  History,  72-3,  and  the  authorities  there 
cited).  Hayburn's  case,  1792  (2  Dallas,  410), 
illustrates  the  early  timidity  of  the  court 
{Const.  Hist.,  73-6). 
c.  Immense  number  of  Marshall's  opinions,  1801-1835. 

1)  In  all,  1215  reported  cases. 

2)  In  1106  of  these  opinions  are  filed,  Marshall  ren- 

dering 519. 

3)  Of  these  1106  opinions,  62  involve  constitutional 

points,  Marshall  rendering  36. 
V.  Some  Leading  Decisions. 

1.  Marbury  vs.  Madison,  1803  (1  Cranch,  137). 

2.  "Olmstead  case'' :  United  States  vs.  Peters,  1809  (5  Cranch, 

137;  Hildreth,  III,  chap.  xxii). 

3.  Cohens  vs.  Virginia,  1821  (6  Wheaton,  264).    Cf.   Martin 

vs.  Hunter's  Lessee,  1816  (1  Wheaton,  304,  323,  362). 

4.  McCulloch's  vs.  Maryland,  1819  (4  Wheaton,  416,  421). 

5.  Osborn   vs.   Bank   of  United   States,   1824;    Weston    vs. 

Charleston,  1829  (9  Wheaton,  738;  2  Peters,  440). 

6.  American  Insurance  Co.  vs.  Canter,  1828  (1  Peters,  511, 

542). 

7.  Fletcher  vs.  Peck,  1810  (6  Cranch,  87,  135-40;  cf.  Haskins, 

in  American  Historical  Association,  Papers,  V,  395  ff.). 

8.  Dartmouth  College  vs.  Woodward,  1819  (4  Wheaton,  518; 

cf.  Van  Santvoord,  Lives  of  Chief  Justices,  394-98) . 


^  JAMES   MONROE.  37 

9.  Ogden  vs.  Saunders,  1827  (12  Wheaton,  213). 
10.  The  Burr  trial   (4  Cranch,  note  B,  473;  Adams,  United 
States^  III,  441-71;  Robertson,  Burr  Trial  (Philadelphia, 
1808);  Kennedy,  Life  of  Wirt,  I,  161-206;  Van  Sant- 
voord,  364-79). 

EEFEEENCES. 

Hitchcock,  "Constitutional  Development  of  the  United  States  as  In- 
fluenced by  Chief  Justice  Marshall,"  in  Constitutional  History,  etc.,  53-120 ; 
Story,  Miscellaneous  Writings,  183-200;  Thayer  (J.  B.),  John  Marshall 
(Boston,  1901)  ;  Dillon  (J.  F.),  John  Marshall  (Chicago,  1903)  ;  Centen- 
nial Anniversary  (Philadelphia,  1901),  containing,  21-66,  J.  T.  Mitchell's 
oration;  Craighill,  in  his  Virginia  Peerage,  I,  229-84;  Flanders,  Lives 
and  Times  of  the  Chief  Justices,  279-550 ;  Lodge,  in  his  Fighting  Frigate, 
etc.  (New  York,  1902)  ;  Phelps,  in  his  Orations  and  Essays  (New  York, 
1901)  ;  Libby,  John  Marshall  (Brunswick,  1901)  ;  Draper,  John  Marshall 
and  the  March  of  the  Constitution  (n.  p.  1901)  ;  Marshall  (John),  Writ- 
ings on  the  Federal  Constitution  (Boston,  1830 ;  Washington,  1890)  ; 
Magruder,  John  Marshall  (Boston,  1885)  ;  Cooley,  "Supreme  Court,"  in 
Constitutional  History,  27-52 ;  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  133-5 ; 
Carson,  E'upreme  Court;  Bassett,  The  Federalist  System,  Index;  Channing, 
The  Jeffersonian  System,  Index ;  W.  E.  Dodd,  "Chief  Justice  Marshall  and 
Virginia,"  in  Am.  Hist.  Review,  XII,  776-87.  Consult  A.  B.  Hart,  Con- 
temporaries, II,  20,  III,  322-26  (x,  y,  z  correspondence)  ;  and  bibliography 
in  Library  of  Congress,  List  of  Works  relating  to  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States  (1909),  59-70.  The  Constitutional  Decisions  of  John 
Marshall,  in  2  vols.,  have  been  edited  by  J.  P.  Cotton,  Jr. 

Section   XI.     James   Monroe   and   His   Doctrine    (1758-1831). 

A.     Chief  Events  in  Monroe's  Career. 

I.  Early  Life. 

1.  Descent  and  parentage  (Gilman,  4-5,  218-20). 

a.  According  to  tradition,  his  ancestors  were  Scotch 
'cavaliers;  Hector  Monroe,  an  oflScer  of  Charles  I. 

h.  Father  was  Spence  Monroe;  mother  was  Eliza,  sister 
of  Joseph  Jones,  who  was  twice  elected  to  Conti- 
nental Congress. 

2.  Educated  at  William  and  Mary. 

a.  Monroe's  literary  attainments;  extent  and  value  of 

his  writings. 
h.  His  public  documents  and  state  papers, 
c.  Not  a  forceful  speaker. 

3.  Marries  Eliza  Kortwright,  of  New  York,  1786 ;  same  year 

he  begins  law  practice  in  Fredericksburg  (Gilman,  175 
ff.). 

4.  Personal  appearance. 

II.  Monroe  the  Soldier,  1776-1780. 


38  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

1.  Lieutenant  in  3d  Virginia  regiment,  1776;  aide  to  Lord 

Stirling,  1777-8. 

2.  Battles  in  which  he  fought ;  compare  his  career  with  Mar- 

shall's. 

3.  Becomes  lieutenant  colonel  in  1780. 

III.  Official  Career. 

1.  Member  of  the  Virginia  legislature,  1782,  and  later. 

2.  Delegate  to  the  Congress  of  the  Confederation,  1783-1786 

(4th,  5th,  6th  Congress). 

a.  Efforts  to  amend  Articles  of  Confederation,  1785 
(Oilman,  19-22;  Bancroft,  History,  VI,  142-45;  idmi. 
Constitution,  I,  192-6;  Sparks,  Washington,  IX, 
503-7). 

6.  Efforts  to  organize  Northwest  Territory  (Barrett, 
Ordinance  of  1787,  25,  33  ff.;  Oilman,  24-6;  Ban- 
croft, History,  VI,  279-80). 

3.  Member  of  a  special  Federal  Court  to  decide  the  Mass.- 

New  York  boundary  dispute,  1784-6. 

4.  1788:    Member  of  Va.  constitutional  convention;  opposes 

constitution  (Oilman,  27-30;  Williams,  Statesman's  Man- 
ual, I,  385) . 

5.  Oovernor  of  Virginia,  1799-1802,  1811. 

6.  President  of  United  States,  1817-1825   (see  sketch  of  his 

administration  in  Williams,  I,  541-62;  and  consult 
Schouler,  United  States;  Oillman,  Monroe;  Hart,  Forma- 
tion of  Union;  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality; 
Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  Index). 

IV.  Diplomatic  Career. 

1.  Minister  to  France,  1794-1796   (Oilman,  36-73;  Schouler, 

I,  317-26;  Bassett,  211-14). 

a.  Effect  on  France  of  Jay's  treaty  with  England. 

h.  Monroe's  indiscretions ;  and  the  blunders  of  the  Amer- 
ican state  department. 

c.  Washington's  censure  and  recall  of  Monroe ;  Monroe's 
defense  (Oilman,  64  ff.,  221  ff.). 

2.  Special  minister  to  France,  1803 :  the  purchase  of  Louisi- 

ana (Oilman,  74-93;  Schouler,  II,  37-49;  Adams,  United 
States). 

3.  Missions  to  England  and  Spain,  1803-1807  (Schouler,  II, 

49,  95,  135  ff.;  Oilman,  93-103;  Channing,  The  Jeffer- 
sonian  System,  147-49,  180,  203-207;  Adams,  United 
States,  Index). 


*.  JAMES   MONROE.  39 

a.  The  West  Florida  question. 

&.  England  and  the  American  grievances. 

c.  Why  the  treaty  was  rejected? 

V.  Monroe  as  Secretary  of  State,  Secretary  of  War,  and  virtu- 

ally Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under  Madison  (Gilman, 
104-24,  200;  Williams,  I,  388-9;  Babcock,  Rise  of  Am 
Nationality,  Index;  Schouler,  II,  III). 

VI.  Monroe  and  the  Policy  of  International  Improvements  (see 

his  message  in  Williams,  I,  492-534;  or  in  Kichardson, 
Messages^  II,  144  fif. ;  Turner,  op.  cit.,  224  ff . ;  Schouler, 
III,  247  ff.  Turner,  348-51,  has  a  full  bibliography  of 
this  subject). 

GENEKAL  EEFEKENCES. 

D.  C.  Oilman,  James  Monroe  (1892),  containing-,  255  ff.,  a  bibliography 
by  Jameson;  Stanwood,  History  of  the  Presidency ;  Williams,  Statesman's 
Manual,  1,  383-90,  541-62;  and  the  works  above  cited.  The  Writings  of 
Monroe  are  edited  by  S.  M.  Hamilton    (7  vols.,  N.  Y.  1898-1903). 

See  also  J.  Q.  Adams,  James  Monroe  (1850)  ;  W.  O.  Stoddard,  Lives 
of  the  Presidents,  III,  29-224;  Thatcher,  Ideas  that  have  Influenced  Civ- 
ilization, VIII,  289-92 ;  New  International  Encyclopaedia,  at  "Monroe." 

B.     Origin  and  Development  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 

I.  Origin  of  the  Principle    (Gilman,  Monroe,  156-74;   Schouler, 

III,  277  ff.,  289-93,  note;  Tucker,  Monroe  Doctrine, 
1-11;  Hart,  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  4,  pp.  1-13). 

1.  Evolution  of  the  doctrine  of  neutrality  and  non-interven- 

tion. 

a.  Washington's  influence. 
t).  Influence  of  Madison  and  Jefferson. 
c.  Other  evidence  of  the  rise  of  a  popular  sentiment  in 
favor  (see  Gilman,  Monroe,  156  ff.). 

2.  J.  Q.  Adams's  share  in  formulating  the  doctrine  (Tucker, 

21-22;  especially  Ford,  in  American  Historical  Review, 
VII,  676-96;  and  Keddaway,  69  ff.  See  also  Ford,  in 
Mass.  Hist.  Soc,  Proceedings,  2d  series,  XV,  373-436). 

II.  Immediate  Cause  of  the  Assertion  of  the  Doctrine  ( Schouler, 

III,  277  ff.;  Tucker,  6-11;  Hart,  241-43;  North  American 
Review,  XVII,  373-75;  Reddaway,  12  ff.;  Keasbey,  123 
ff.;  Ford,  676  ff.). 
1.  Revolt  of  the  Spanish- American  colonies   (Dyer,  Modern 
Europe,  Y,  370). 

a.  First  revolt,  1808;  returned  to  nominal  allegiance, 
1814. 


40  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

&.  Second  revolt,  1816-22  (Hart,  241,  242;  Schouler,  III, 
255)  ;  work  of  Bolivar. 

2.  The  "Holy  Alliance"  of  Prussia,  Austria,  and  Eussia,  Sep- 

tember 26,  1815;  a  league  in  favor  of  "legitimacy,"  i.  e. 
"despotism"  (Seignobos,  Pol.  Hist.,  762). 

3.  The  congress  at  Laybach  (in  Styria),  1820:  intervention 

of  Holy  Alliance  to  suppress  revolution  in  Naples. 

4.  The  congress  at  Verona,  1822. 

a.  To  consider  the  insurrection  against  Ferdinand  VII 
of  Spain.  The  latter  is  restored  by  Louis  XVIII 
of  France,  with  approval  of  the  alliance. 

&.  Question  of  assisting  the  revolting  Spanish  colonies 
raised:    Spain  asks  intervention. 

5.  The    (revolted)    Spanish- American    states    recognized  by 

United  States,  1822  (Schouler,  III,  255). 

6.  Russian  plans  for  colonization  in  the  Northwest. 

a.  Russian  claims   (Schuyler,  Diplomacy ^  294-97). 
5.  The  ukase  of  1821. 

c.  Secretary  Adams's  declaration  to  Baron  Tuyl,  July 
17,  1823  (Hart,  Leaflets,  II). 

7.  Canning  and  Richard  Rush  (Schouler,  III,  282-86;  FonJ, 

676  fie.). 

a.  Canning  proposes  that  Great  Britain  and  the  United 

States  unite  in  a  declaration  against  European  in 

tervention  in  American  colonies, 
ft.  Motives  of  England. 
G.  Was  Rush  justified  in  declining? 

III.  Monroe  States  the  Doctrine  in  His  Seventh  Annual  Message, 

December  2,  1823   (Williams,  I,  460-62;  Hart,  Leaflets, 
13;  Tucker,  15  fiP.). 

1.  American  continent  not  subject  to  European  colonization . 

meaning    (Dana,   Wlieaton,  103;  Webster,   Worhs,  III, 
178). 

2.  No  European  interposition  in  afiPairs  of  American  states: 

meaning  (Dana,  Wheaton,  110,  111;  Tucker,  122  fif.). 

3.  No  extension  of  European  system  in  America. 

4.  Second  declaration  in  Monroe's  eighth  annual  message 

(Hart,  Leaflets,  14,  15;  Tucker,  19;  Williams,  I,  465  fif.). 

IV.  Immediate    EfiPects    of    the    Declaration     (Gilman,   171-74; 

Schouler,  III,  292,  293;  Von  Hoist,  I,  421  ff.). 
1.  On  the  United  States  Constitution:  an  executive  declara 


»  JAMES  MONROE.  41 

tion  never  confirmed  as  a  whole  by  Congress.  Clay's 
resolution  (Benton,  Abridgment^  VII,  650-52;  Tucker, 
21). 

2.  On  Europe:  joint  intervention    abandoned;    and    Spain 

gives  up  reconquest  of  her  revolted  colonies. 

3.  On  Russia:  treaty  of  1824  (Schouler,  297-304). 

4.  On  the  American  states. 

5.  On  England :  she  recognizes  the  American  states. 

V.  History  of  the  Doctrine  (Tucker,  Monroe  Doctrine,  23  &.). 

1.  The  Panama  Congress,  1826   (Tucker,  23-26;  Von  Hoist, 

I,  chap,  xi;  Henderson,  342  ff.). 

a.  Wish  of  the  United  States:  to  form  an  agreement 

with  American  states  as  to  maintenance  of  doctrine. 
6.  Messages  and  discussions  leading  to  appointment  of 

United  States  envoys  to  the  Congress. 

c.  Opposition  of  the  slavery  party  (see  Von  Hoist). 

d.  No  action. 

2.  Proposed  intervention  in  Yucatan,  1848;  Polk's  doctrine. 

a.  Causes. 

Z>.  Calhoun's  speech  on  limitation  of  the  doctrine  (Cal- 
houn, Works,  IV,  454;  Tucker,  93-112). 

3.  The  Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty,  April  19,  1850,  and  the  inter- 

oceanic  canal   (Lalor  III,  948;  Tucker,  43-76;  Treaties 

and  Conventions,  440-44). 

a.  The  occasion  and  importance  of  the  treaty. 

h.  Provisions:  which  clauses  led  to  misunderstandings 

and  negotiations? 
c.  History:   negotiations  for  modification;  question  of 

right  of  United  States  to  avoid  treaty. 

1)  Blaine,  1881. 

2)  Hay,  1900. 

4.  Cuba  (Tucker,  77-91)  :  why  its  possession  was  important 

to  England;  to  the  United  States.  The  Filibusters  and 
the  Ostend  manifesto  (Hart,  Leaflets,  No.  2;  Lalor,  II, 
184,  III,  36;  Rhodes.  II,  11-44;  Von  Hoist,  index  at 
"Cuba"). 

5.  French  intervention  in  Mexico,  1861-66.     Did  the  United 

States  maintain  the  doctrine? 

6.  Other  cases  of  application  of  the  doctrine. 

VI.  Expansion  of  the  Doctrine  (Hart,  "Monroe  Doctrine  and  the 


42  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

Doctrine  of  Permanent  Interest,"  in  American  Historical 
Review^  VII). 

1.  The  original  meaning,  1823. 

2.  Polk's  doctrine,  1845-49;  annex  to  prevent  annexation. 

3.  Seward's  view  in  case  of  France  and  Mexico,  1861-67  (Cur- 

tis, 101  ff.). 

4.  Blaine's  doctrine,  1881 :   United  States  to  be  sole  guardian 

of  the  isthmian  canal,  and  the  arbiter  of  disputes  be- 
tween Latin  American  powers  (Foster,  461  ff.). 

5.  Olney's  doctrine,  1895  (Foster,  467  ff.;  Henderson,  411  ff.), 

VII.  What  should  be  the  Policy  of  the  United  States? 

1.  Shall  the  Monroe  doctrine  be  abandoned? 

2.  Shall  the  United  States  participate  in  the  world's  affairs? 

3.  Moral  responsibilities  of  a  great  nation. 

EEFEEENCES  TO  MONEOE  DOCTEINE. 
A.  B.  Hart,  "The  Monroe  Doctrine  and  the  Doctrine  of  Permanent 
Interest,"  in  American  Historical  Review,  VII,  77-91 ;  or  the  same  in  his 
Foundations  of  American  Foreign  Policy  (New  York  and  London,  1901), 
211-40 ;  Ford,  "John  Quincy  Adams  and  the  Monroe  Doctrine,"  in  Amer- 
ican Historical  Review,  VII,  676-96,  VIII,  28-52 ;  Keasbey,  The  Nicaragua 
Canal  and  the  Monroe  Doctrine  (New  York  and  London,  1896),  123  fp., 
556  ff. ;  Eeddaway,  The  Monroe  Doctrine  (Cambridge,  1898),  12  ff.,  69  ff., 
91  ff. ;  Foster,  A  Century  of  American  Diplomacy  (Boston,  1900),  438  ff . ; 
Henderson,  American  Diplomatic  Questions  (New  York  and  London, 
1901),  289-448;  Travis,  History  of  the  Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty  (Ann  Arbor, 
1900)  ;  Tucker,  Monroe  Doctrine  (Boston,  1885)  ;  Latine,  Diplomatic  Re- 
lations of  the  United  States  and  Spanish  America  (Baltimore,  1900)  ; 
Curtis,  The  United  States  and  Foreign  Powers  (New  York,  1899), 
93  ff.;  Eeinsch,  World  Politics  (New  York,  1900)  ;  Schouler,  III,  as  cited; 
Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  241-44 ;  Gilman,  Monroe,  156-74  ;  Wharton, 
Digest  of  International  Law,  sees.  57-61,  72;  Dana's  Wheaton's  Inter- 
national Law,  97-112 ;  Von  Hoist,  I,  409  ff. ;  Schuyler,  Diplomacy,  as  cited ; 
Morse,  J.  Q.  Adams,  128-38 ;  Lalor,  I,  66-69,  II,  898-900 ;  Williams,  States- 
man's Manual,  1,  462,  465  ff . ;  Treaties  and  Conventions;  Kasson,  in  North 
American  Review,  CXXIII,  241-54,  523-33;  Nation,  XXXIV,  9;  Bibli- 
ography, J.  F.  Jameson,  in  Oilman's  Monroe,  269-80;  also  one  by  Turner, 
in  Rise  of  New  West,  351-52.  See  Burgess,  in  Pol.  Sc.  Quarterly,  II,  44 
ff. ;  and  Moore,  in  ihid.,  II,  1  i?;  O.  W.  Crichfield,  American  Supremacy 
(1908)  ;  T.  B.  Edgington,  Monroe  Doctrine  (1904)  ;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contem- 
poraries, III,  494-98 ;  and  University  Card  Catalogue. 

Section   XII.     John   Quincy   Adams^   a  Puritan   Scholar  in 

Politics  (1767-1848). 

A.    Adams  the  Man. 

I.  The  Adams  Family:    Characteristics. 

II.  Early  Life  of  John  Qnincy  Adams. 

1.  Education. 


♦,  JOHN   QUINCY  ADAMS.  43 

2.  Moral  and  intellectual  traits. 

3.  Personal  appearance;  habits. 

4.  Public  experience  before  becoming  president. 

B.    Adams  the  President. 

I.  Election  of  1824;  Candidates:    Jackson^  Clay,  Crawford,  and 

Adams. 

II.  Election  in  the  House,  1825. 

1.  Was  the  choice  of  Adams  constitutional? 

2.  Question  of  a  ''corrupt  bargain"  between  Adams  and  Clay. 

III.  The  Election  of  1828. 

1.  Opposition  to  Adams. 

a.  Question  of  abuse  of  patronage, 

&.  Question  of  extravagance  and  fiscal  abuse. 

2.  Triumph  of  Jackson;  signs  of  a  new  era. 

IV.  General  Policy  of  Adams's  Administration. 

C.    Adams  and  Federal  Patronage. 
I.  Evolution  of  the  Spoils  System  before  Jackson, 

1.  Intention  of  the  framers  of  the  Constitution:    Madison's 

declaration    (Annals  of  Congress,  First  Congress,  first 
session,  498). 

2.  Kise  of  the  system  in  the  states. 

a.  Introduced  into  Pennsylvania  by  Governor  McKean, 
1799,  1805;  criticised  for  his  course,  but  not  im- 
peached (Hildreth,  V,  362,  591). 

5.  In  New  York. 

1)  Monopoly   of   patronage   by   the   great  families 

(Roosevelt,  New  York,  161). 

2)  Jay's  honorable  course  (Jay,  Jay,  392). 

3)  Aaron   Burr   establishes  the  machine    in    New 

York,  1801  (Roberts,  ^ew;  York,  II,  481)  ; 
Burr's  maxims  as  to  political  management  (La 
lor.  Ill,  783). 

4)  DeWitt  Clinton  proves  himself  a  worthy  pupil 

of  Burr;  use  of  the  Council  of  Appointment 
(for  the  constitutional  provision,  see  Poore,  II, 
1336). 

5)  Van  Buren  (disciple  of  Burr)  and  the  "Albany 

Regency."  After  the  fall  of  "King  Caucus"  he 
carries  the  corrupt  machine  into  the  wards  and 
primaries  (Von  Hoist,  II,  21;  Lalor,  I,  45). 


44  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

6)   Senator   Marcy's   celebrated   declaration,   1832: 
"To  the  victor  belong  the  spoils  of  the  enemy." 
3.  Causes  leading  to  the  introduction  of  the  system  in  the 
federal  patronage. 

a.  Rapid  increase  in  the  number  and  value  of  federal 
offices. 

1)  The  civil  service  in  1789  (Lalor,  III,  139,  140). 

2)  The  civil  service,  1800-1809  (Sybert,  706). 

3)  Present  state  of  civil  service  {Statesman's  Year 

Booh,   1891,   p.   1058;  idem,  1907;  Reports   of 
United  States  Civil  Service  Commissioner;  es- 
pecially Ninth  Report;   Tenth  Report,  3,  and 
later  Reports. 
6.  The  overthrow  of  the  congressional  caucus. 

1)  Its  rise  and  history,  1804-24;  was  the  practice 

unconstitutional?  (See  Constitution,  art.  II, 
sec.  i,  par.  2). 

2)  Causes  of  its  fall :  the  attack  of  Mies  {Register, 

XXIV,    195,   322;    Sumner,  Jackson,   79;   Von 

Hoist,  II,  2). 

{a)   Crawford's  caucus  nomination. 

(6)   The  four  candidates    in    the  same  party 

might  make  caucus  nomination  equivalent 

to  an  election  by  Congress. 
(c)   Jackson  a  candidate  outside  of  party. 

3)  Effects:    Van  Buren  teaches  how  to  "pack  the 

primaries";  the  demagogue  supersedes  the 
statesman  in  politics  (Landon,  Constitutional 
History,  149). 

c.  The  "Demos  Krateo"  principle  vs.  the  theory  of  the 

constitution  growing  out  of  the  election  in  the 
House,  1826  (Von  Hoist,  II,  7;  Stanwood,  87,  88; 
Sumner,  Jackson,  97). 

d.  Rotation  in  office  as  a  "republican"  principle. 

4.  Significance  of  the  Four  Years'  Tenure  Act,  May  15,  1820 
(Niles,  XVIII,  234;  Annals  of  Congress,  Sixteenth  Con- 
gress, I,  25;  II,  2598). 
a.  Alleged  motive  of  Crawford   (Lalor,  III,  900;  J.  Q. 

Adams,  Memoirs,  VII,  424.    Cf.  Fish,  66  ff.). 
1).  How  regarded  at  the  time  by  statesmen. 
G.  Effects    (Sumner,   Jackson,   83;    Schouler,   III,   175; 

Hart,  246;  Lalor,  III,  900). 


JOHN  QUINCY  ADAMS.  45 

5.  The  thirst  for  office  increased. 
II.  History   of   Appointments,    1789-1829    (Salmon,   Appointing 
Power;  Fish,  Civil  Service  and  Patronage,  1-104). 

1.  Washington's  policy  (Marshall,  Washington,  I,  150,  151; 

Schouler,   I,   107   ff.;   Salmon,  315;   Hildreth,  IV,  131, 
132;  Mies,  XX,  249,  XLII,  9). 

2.  John  Adams's  policy. 

a.  Adopts  Washington's  principles;  19  removals  in  four 
years  as  against  17  by  Washington  (Niles,  XLII, 
9;  Morse,  Adams,  293-303;  Fish,  13,  20). 

6.  Censured  for  appointing  relatives. 

c.  The  "midnight  appointments." 

3.  Jejfferson's  policy  (see  Fish,  29  ff.). 

4.  Monroe's  policy  (Oilman,  Monroe,  191;  Fish,  see  Index). 

a.  Jackson's   advice    (Niles,   XXVI,   164;   Williams,   I, 

544,  545). 
6.  But  few  removals,  and  those  for  cause, 
c.  Inadvertently  signs  the  Tenure  Act,  1820;  but  takes 

no  partisan  advantage  of  it. 

5.  Policy  of  John  Q.  Adams  (Schouler,  III,  343  ff.). 

a.  Admirable  in  its  purpose,  but  almost  too  indulgent 
of  political  enemies,  even  those  suspected  of  cor- 
ruption. 

h.  Only  two  removals,  and  those  for  cause. 

c.  His  lesson  for  Americans. 

D.   Adams  and  Slavery,  1829-181^8. 

EEFEEENCES. 

I.  General  References. — The  best  short  biography  is  that  of  Morse, 
JoUn  Quincy  Adams  (1882).  There  are  also  a  Life  of  Adams  (1849)  by 
W.  H.  Seward;  a  Memoir  (1858)  by  Josiah  Quincy.  Adams's  Memoirs 
(12  vols.,  1874-1877)  are  a  mine  of  information  regarding-  himself  and  his 
contemporaries.  See  also  Schouler,  United  States,  III ;  Hart,  Formation 
of  the  Union,  245-62;  Johnston,  Politics;  Stanwood,  History  of  the  Presi- 
dency (1898),  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  II,  1  ff . ;  Benton, 
Thirty  Years'  View,  1,  46-50.  Consult  the  indexes  to  the  volumes  by 
Babcock,  Turner,  MacDonald,  Hart,  and  Garrison,  in  the  "American 
Nation"  series;  and  Hart's  Contemporaries.  . 

II.  Origin  of  the  Spoils  System.— Salmon,  "Appointing  Povs^er,  m 
Am.  Hist.  Ass.,  Papers,  I,  No.  5;  Fish,  79-104;  Lalor,  Cyclopwdia,  1,  139 
ff.,  II,  783-87,  III,  895  ff . ;  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  246;  Shepard, 
Van  Buren,  32-45;  Roberts,  l^ew  TorJc,  II,  466-84;  Roosevelt,  New  York, 
156-65;  Hildreth,  V,  360,  363,  591,  424;  Sybert,  Statistical  Annals,  705, 
378;  Niles,  Register,  XXIV- V,  and  Index;  Sumner,  Jackson,  145  ff.; 
Merriam,  in  Am.  Hist.  Ass.,  Papers,  II;  Adams,  United  States,  Index; 
Morse,  J.  Q.  Adams;  Reports  of  U.  S.  Civil  Service  Commission;  Eaton, 
Civil  Service. 


^^  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

Of  special  value  are  the  articles  of  Carl  R.  Fish,  "Removal  of  Officials 
^7J^^  Presidents  of  the  United  States,"  in  American  Historical  Asso- 
ciation, Report,  1899,  I,  67-86 ;  supplemented  by  idem,  "Lincoln  and  Pat- 
ronag-e, '  in  American  Historical  Review,  VIII,  53-69  ;  and  Gaillard  Hunt, 
Ulhce-Seekmg-  during-  Washington's  Administration,"  in  American  His- 
torical  Review,  1,  270-83  ;  idem,  the  same  "during  John  Adams's  Adminis- 
tration, m  ibid.,  II,  241-61 ;  ide^n,  the  same  "during-  Jefferson's  Admin- 
istration," in  ibid..  Ill,  270-91.  On  DeWitt  Clinton,  Burr,  VanBuren  and 
other  makers  of  the  "Spoils  System,"  see  S.  P.  Orth,  Five  American  Poli- 
ticians (1906). 

III.  Jackson  and  the  Spoils  System.— Sumner,  Jackson,  136  ff . ; 
Schouler,  III,  451-65;  Johnston,  Politics  112-113;  Barton,  Jackson;  Cur- 
tis,  Webster;  Ormsby,  Whig  Party,  185  ff . ;  Bradford,  United  States,  369- 
70;  ySiiUiams, 'Stateman's  Manual,  II,  961  ff . ;  Macdonald,  Jacksonian  De- 
mocracy, 54  ff. ;  Buell,  Jackson;  Lucy  M.  Salmon,  Appointing  Power 
54-86;  Carl  R.  Fish,  Civil  Service  and  Patronage  (1905),  105  ff. 

Section  XIII.     Andrew  Jackson,  a  Frontiersman  in  Politics 

(1767-1845). 
A.  Evolution  of  Jackson's  Personality  (1767-1828). 
I.  Boyhood,  1767-1787  (Sumner,  Andreity  Jackson,  1-25;  Brown, 
Andreiv  Jackson,  1-45 ;  Buell,  History  of  Andrew  Jack- 
son, I,  16-241;  Barton,  Life  of  Andreiv  Jackson,  I,  29- 
349;  Trent,  in  New  International  Enoyclopaedia,  XI, 
73-75). 

1.  Jackson's  Scotch-Irish  parents,  of  Carrickfergus,  came  to 

Twelve-Mile  Creek,  S.  C,  1765;  Andrew  born  at  Wax- 
haw,  N.  C,  March  15,  1767  (Buell,  I,  16-33;  Barton,  I, 
*  29-58;  Brown,  1-6). 

2.  His  inferior  rudimentary  education  (Buell,  I,  34  ff.;  Par- 

ton,  I,  62  ff.;  Sumner,  3). 

a.  At  the  Old  Field  School ;  at  Dr.  Humphries's  "Acad- 
emy" in  Waxhaw;  and  perhaps  elsewhere. 
l.  Question  of  his  attendance  at  Queen's  College,  N.  C. 

c.  Myth  regarding  Dr.  Waddell's  academy. 

d.  Results  of  his  schooling  (Parton,  I,  67-9,  237;  Sum- 

ner, 3,  15;  Buell,  I,  34-38,  40). 

3.  Youthful  traits  and  habits. 

4.  Jackson  and  the  Jackson  family  in  the  Revolution  (Par- 

ton,  I,  70-96;  Buell,  I,  38  f . ;  Sumner,  2-4). 

5.  Jackson  the  school  teacher,  1781-3. 

6.  Jackson  the  law-student  (Parton,  I,  96-110;  Brown,  11-12, 

Buell,  I,  61-69). 

a.  With  Spruce  McCay  at  Salisbury,  N.  C,  1784-85;  and 

with  John  Stokes,  1785-87. 
T).  Admission  to  the  bar  of  N.  C,  1787. 


ANDREW  JACKSON.  47 

7.  Jackson  at  twenty;   character  and  personal  appearance 
(Parton,  I,  61,  110-115). 

II.  Early    Manhood:     Vicissitudes    of    the    American-Frontier. 

^788-1811  (Sumner,  5-25;  Brown,  12-45;  Parton,  I,  115- 
3G0;  Buell,  I,  70  241). 

1.  The  Tennessee  lawyer,  1788  (Parton,  I,  134  ff.). 

a.  Social  prestige  of  the  legal  profession  on  the  South- 
western border. 
6.  Duties  of  a  prosecuting  attorney  in  early  Tennessee. 

2.  Jackson's  irregular  marriage  with  Mrs.  Rachel  Robarda 

(nee  Donelson),  1791;  ceremony  repeated  (after  di- 
vorce from  Robards),  1794;  effects  of  the  marriage  on 
Jackson's  career?  (see  Parton,  I,  145  ff. ;  Sumner,  8-10). 

3.  Jackson,  the  fighting  lawyer  (Parton,  I,  155-169). 

4.  Member    of    the    Tennessee    Constitutional    Convention, 

1796. 

5.  Member  of  U.  S.  House  of  Representatives,  1796 ;  Jackson 

a  ^'Filthy  Democrat"  (Irving,  Life  of  Washington,  V; 
Parton,  I,  196  ff . ;  Buell,  I,  97  ff.). 

6.  Member  of  U.  S.  Senate,  1797-1798  (resigned). 

7.  Major  General  of  Militia,  1801  ff. 

8.  Judge  of  the  Tennessee  Supreme  Court,   1798-1804    (re- 

signed) ;  planter  and  merchant  (Buell,  I,  126-52). 

9.  Jackson  and  Burr,  1805-1807:  why  he  was  attracted  by 

Burr's  supposed  projects  (Buell,  I,  183  ff. ;  Adams, 
United  States,  III). 

10.  Various  events  and  occupations,  1807-1811  (Buell,  I,  210 

ff;  Sumner,  23-25). 

a.  Planter  and  horse-breeder. 

h.  Home  life  at  the  "Hermitage." 

c.  Jackson's  selection  of  Blount  for  governor  (1808-15). 

d.  Becomes  acquainted  with  Thomas  Hart  Benton. 

e.  War  with  Silas  Dinsmore,  the  U.  S.  Choctaw  Indian 

Agent,  1810-1812    (Sumner,  23-4;  Buell,  I,  238-41, 
Parton,  I,  349-60). 

11.  Jackson's  personality  at  the  close  of  this  period. 

a.  His  preparation  for  political  and  military  leadership. 

h.  Evidences  of  his  capacity. 

c.  Evidences  of  his  violent  temper :   Jackson  the  duelist. 

III.  Jackson  the  "Military  Hero,"  1811-1824  (Parton,  I,  360  ff.: 

Buell,  I,  242  ff.;  Sumner,  26  ff.). 


48  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

1.  "Old  Hickory/'  and  the  volunteers  for  defense  of  New 

Orleans  and  the  Southwest,  1812-13 ;  feud  with  the  Ben- 
tons. 

2.  The  Soldier  in  the  Creek  War,  1813-14  (Sumner,  32-36)  ; 

becomes  major-general  in  U.  S.  Army,  May  31,  1813. 

3.  Capture  of  Pensecola,  November,  1814. 

4.  The  defense  of  New  Orleans  (Parton,  II,  11  fif.;  Buell,  II, 

1  ff.). 

a.  The  night-battle  (see  especially  Roosevelt,  Naval  Wa/r 

of  1812,  last  chapter;  and  Buell,  I,  385-432). 
h.  The  victory  of  Jan.  8,  1815  (Buell,  II,  Iff.), 
c.  Jackson  and  Florida :  the  Seminole  War,  1818. 

1)  Importance  of  the  war. 

2)  Execution   of  Arbuthnot  and  Ambrister,  April 

29,  1818;  the  later  proceedings  in  Congress  and 
in  Monroe's  Cabinet;  the  basis  of  Jackson's 
feuds  with  Clay,  Calhoun,  and  Crawford. 

IV.  Jackson  and  the  Elections  of  1824  and  1828.    See  preceding 
syllabus  for  election  1824. 

EEFERENCES   FOR   THE   PERIOD,    1767-1828. 

See  the  works  of  Sumner,  Bnell.  Parton,  Brown,  and  Trent,  already 
cited.  Farther,  consult  E,  E.  Sparks,  Men  ivho  made  the  'Nation,  282- 
317;  Peck,  Jacksonian  Epoch  (N.  Y.,  1899)  ;  Benton,  Thirty  Tears'  View; 
Roosevelt,  Naval  War  of  1812;  Kendall,  Life  of  Jackson  (N.  Y.,  1844)  ; 
Ramsey,  Annals  of  Tennessee  (1853)  ;  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy , 
16-27 ;  Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  Index  at  "Jackson" ;  Babcock,  Rise 
of  American  Nationality,  Index  at  "Jackson";  Schouler,  United  States, 
II,  439-44,  and  Index;  Roosevelt,  Thos.  H.  Benton,  28  ff.,  59-61,  and  Index; 
Von  Hoist,  Calhoun,  88-93,  104-106,  and  Index;  Hildreth,  United  States, 
I,  691-2,  696,  II,  175,  195,  597-8,  615,  III,  397,  407,  447-50,  477-80,  521-2, 
559-65  (New  Orleans),  575-76,  628,  640-47,  654-57;  Adams,  United  States, 
Index  to  Vol.  IX,  at  "Jackson";  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  189,  213, 
221,  249-50 ;  Walker,  Making  of  the  Nation,  239-45  ;  Morse,  John  Quincy 
Adams,  Index;  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  II,  29-31.,  Ill,  5,  and 
Index;  Parton,  General  Jackson  (1893)  ;  McMaster,  People  of  the  United 
States,  II,  33-34,^  285,  III,  Index,  IV,  Index ;  Dusenberg,  Monument  to  the 
Memory  of  Oen.  Andrew  Jackson  (1846)  ;  Stoddard,  in  his  Lives  of  the 
Presidents,  IV,  1-248 ;  Thatcher,  Ideas  that  have  influenced  Civilization^ 
VIII,  275-85. 

See  Bihlio graphics  in  Hart  and  Channing,  Handbook,  92-93,  348,  359, 
364,  366-74;  Parton,  Life  of  Jackson,  I,  pp.  xiii-xxv;  Sumner,  Andrew 
Jackson,  386-92;  and  source-material  in  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  483- 
87,  531-35,  540-44,  548-53. 

B.    The  Prollems  of  Jackson's  Administration  (1829-1837). 
I.  Jackson  and  the  Spoils  System. 

1.  Growth  of  the  system  before  Jackson.    See  this  syllabus. 
Sec.  XII. 


ANDREW  JACKSON.  4^ 

2.  Jackson's  persoDal  influence. 

3.  Details  as  to  official  appointments  and  dismissals. 

EEFEEENCES. 
Sumner,  JacTcson,  136  ff . ;  Johnston,  Politics,  112-13;  D.  B.  Eaton,  in 
,  Lalor,  Cyclopcedia,  III,  783-87 ;  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  54 
ff. ;  Schouler,  United  States,  III,  451-65;  Parton,  Jackson,  III;  Buell, 
Jackson,  II,  207  ff. ;  Brown,  Jackson,  121  ff . ;  Ormsby,  Whig  Party,  185 
if.;  Bradford,  United  States,  369-70;  Curtis,  Daniel  Wehster,  I,  347-48; 
Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  332  fe.,  II,  183-84;  Koosevelt,  Benton,  69  if.; 
Williams,  Statesman's  Manual,  II,  961  if.;  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion, 
26-34;  Eaton,  History  of  the  Civil  Service  (1880)  ;  especially  Carl  R.  Fish, 
Civil  Service  and  Patronage  (1905),  105  if.;  Lucy  M.  Salmon,  Appointing 
Power,  54-85. 

II.  Jackson  and  Nullification. 

1.  Origin   of  the  Nullification   incident;   the  Tariff  Act  of 

1828;   comparison   of  the  doctrines    of    Jefferson    and 
Calhoun. 

2.  Nullification  in  South  Carolina;  the  ordinance  of  Nov.  24, 

1832   (MacDouald,  Select  Documents,  268-71). 

3.  How  Jackson  suppressed  the  nullification  movement;  his 

proclamation  (MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  273-283). 

EEFERENCES. 

Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  II,  1-22;  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy, 
148-68;  Buell,  Jackson,  II,  233-63;  Sumner,  Jackson,  207-23;  Parton, 
Jackson,  III,  chaps,  xxxii-xxxiv ;  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  55-62 ; 
Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  I,  chap,  xii ;  idem,  Calhoun,  chap,  iv; 
Houston,  Critical  Study  of  Nullification,  being-  Harvard  Historical  Studies, 
III ;  Bolles,  Financial  History,  II,  282-433 ;  Gass,  History  of  Tariff  Ad-^ 
ministration,  being-  Columhia  College  Studies,  I,  chap,  iii ;  Taussig-,  His- 
tory of  the  Tariff,  6S-112;  Lodge,  Webster,  chaps,  vi,  vii;  Loring,  Nullifi- 
cation; Curtis,  Webster,  I,  chaps,  xvi-xix;  McLaug-hlin,  Lewis  Cass,  139- 
49;  Roosevelt,  Benton,  chap,  v,;,  Schouler,  IV,  chap,  xiv,  sec.  iii;  Draper, 
Civil  War,  I,  chap,  xxi ;  Wise,  Seven  Decades,  chap,  vi ;  Lalor,  III,  861 ; 
Lodge,  Webster,  174  if. ;  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  239-59  ;  268-83. 

For  bibliography,  see  Channing  and  Hart,  Guide,  370-72;  Foster, 
References  to  Presidential  Administrations,  23-24;  Houston,  Critical 
Study,  App.  9. 

III.  Jackson  and  the  Bank- War. 

1.  Origin   of  the   Second   Bank  of  the  United   States;   the 

Charter  of  April  10,  1816. 
a.  Capital,  |35,000,000. 
6.  Branches. 

2.  History  of  the  Bank  before  Jackson. 

a.  Mistakes  and  frauds  in  its  administration, 
ft.  Character  of  Nicholas  Biddle  and  of  the  other  direc- 
tors of  the  Bank. 
4 


50  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

c.  The  leading  case  of  McCulloch  vs.  Maryland   (in  4 

Wheaton) . 
3.  Jackson's  bank  policy. 

a.  Message  of  Dec.  8,  1829. 

h.  Constitutional  objections;  the  veto  of  the  re-charter' 

bill,  1832. 

c.  Personal  considerations. 

d.  Methods  of  attack. 

e.  Results  of  the  veto  of  the  bank  bill  and  of  the  closing 

of  the  Bank. 

1)  The  removal  of  the  deposits. 

2)  Influence  on  the  financial  crisis  of  1837-40. 

REFEKENCES. 

E.  P.  Falkner,  in  New  International  Encyclopcedia,  II,  467-68 ;  A. 
Johnston,  in  Lalor,  Cyclopwdia,  1,  199-204,  giving  a  list  of  references , 
MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  112-133,  218  ff. ;  Buell,  Jackson,  II, 
294-328 ;  Parton,  Jackson,  III,  chaps,  xxxiii-xxxix ;  Sumner,  Jackson, 
224-49;  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  69-84;  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional 
History,  II,  52-79 ;  Bolles,  Financial  History,  II,  235-58 ;  Schurz,  Henry 
Clay,  I,  132,  345,  351-55,  372-74,  II,  25  ff.,  47-50,  115,  142,  143;  Schouler. 
IV,  chap,  xiv,  sec.  i ;  Curtis,  Wehster,  I,  chaps,  xx-xxiii ;  Colton,  Henry 
Clay,  II,  chaps,  iii-iv;  Eoosevelt,  Benton,  chap,  vi ;  Tyler,  Taney;  Wise, 
Seven  Decades,  chap,  vii ;  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  24 ;  Benton, 
Abridgment,  XII,  XIII;  Niles,  Register,  XLVI-L ;  Benton,  Thirty  Years* 
View,  I,  chaps.  92-111;  Calhoun,  Works,  II,  III;  Webster,  Works  III, 
506-51;  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  207-12;  238,  259-68. 

Section  XIV.    Henry  Clay,  the  Compromiser  (1777-1852). 

A.   Evolution  of  Clay's  Personality  (1777-1811). 

I.  Boyhood,  1777-1797  (Schurz,  Hmry  Clay,  1,  1-12;  Trent,  in 
New  International  Encyclopaedia,  V.  8  ff. ;  Rogers,  The 
True  Henry  Clay,  17-33). 

1.  His  English  ancestor  came  to  Virginia  soon  after  the  first 

colonization;  his  father  was  John  Clay,  a  Baptist 
minister  (died,  1781)  ;  his  mother  a  daughter  of  George 
Hudson,  of  Hanover  Co. 

2.  Henry  was  born  April  12,  1777,  in  the  '^Slashes"  neigh- 

borhood in  Hanover  county,  Va. 

3.  His  elementary  education  in  the  log  schoolhouse  of  the 

"Slashes"  under  Peter  Deacon;  how  he  won  the  title, 
"The  Mill-boy  of  the  Slashes."  Clay  had  neither  sem- 
inary nor  college  training. 

4.  Youthful  employments. 

a.  The  "Boy  Behind  the  Counter,"  1791-2,  in  Richmond. 


»  HENRY  CLAY.  51 

6.  Clerk  in  the  Va.  High  Court  of  Chancery,  1792-96; 
influence  of  Chancellor  George  Wythe;  the  latter^s 
characteristics  and  achievements. 

5.  The  law-student  in  office  of  Attorney- General  Brooke  of 

Virginia,  1796-7;  admission  to  the  Bar  and  removal  to 
Kentucky,  1797  (compare  with  Jackson's  experience). 

6.  Clay's  personal  characteristics  at  age  of  21  (Rogers,  23 

ff.;  Schurz,  I,  25-26,  II,  23). 

II.  Early  Manhood,  1797-1811. 

1.  Characteristics    of    early    Kentucky;    arrival    of    Daniel 

Boone,  1769;  population,  1797,  ca.  180,000;  Lexington 
as  a  "literary  and  intellectual  centre." 

2.  Clay's  traits  as  a  lawyer. 

a.  Superficiality;   power  as  a  speaker;   his  popularity 

(Rogers,  34  ff.). 
1).  His  legal  ethics ;  secret  of  his  success  in  criminal  and 
civil  cases. 

3.  Marries  Lucretia  Hart,  1799;  the  Ashland  estate;  Clay 

as  a  farmer  (Rogers,  44-55). 

4.  First  political   experience,   1799-1806    (Schurz,  I,  27  ff.: 

Rogers,  56  ff.). 

a.  In  popular  discussion,  he  favors  the  proposed  consti 
tutional  provision  for  the  gradual  emancipation  of 
slaves  in  Kentucky;  nature  of  the  early  "philo- 
sophic" anti-slavery  movement;  Patrick  Henry's  po- 
sition; courage  of  Henry  Clay. 

&.  Clay's  speeches  against  the  "alien  and  sedition  laws." 

c.  In  the  Kentucky  assembly,  1803. 

5.  Fills  a  vacancy  in  U.  S.  Senate,  1806-7  (Schurz,  I,  38  ff.). 

a.  Favors  "internal  improvements." 
Z).  Value  of  this  early  experience. 

6.  Again  in  the  Ky.  assembly,  1807-9;  hostility  to  England* 

favors  the  embargo ;  duel  with  Humphrey  Marshall. 

7.  Again  fills  a  vacancy  in  U.  ^.  Senate,  1809-10 ;  his  peculiar 

theory  of  protection  to  manufacturing  industry  (Schurz, 
I,  52-57)  ;  his  position  on  the  West  Florida  question;  op- 
poses the  Bank  re-charter. 
B.   Clay  the  American  Statesman,  1811-1852. 

I.  During  the  War  of  1812  (Schurz,  I,  67-125;  Hart,  Formation 
of  the  Union,  203  ff. ;  Rogers,  64  ff. ;  Schouler,  II,  336  ff ., 
348). 


52  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

1.  Clay  the  ''War-Hawk,"  or  leader  of  the  War-Republicans  in 

the  House  (Rogers,  64-75;  Sehurz,  I,  67  ff.;  Von  Hoist, 
Const.  Hist,  I,  225  ff.)- 
a.  Leaders  associated  with  Clay. 

6.  Clay  favors  a  strong  navy;  and  the  invasion  of  Can- 
ada. 

2.  Clay  the  Speaker   (Rogers,  90-103;  Follett,  "Henry  Clay 

as  speaker,"  in  Am.  Hist.  Asso.,  Report,  1891,  pp.  257- 
65;  idem,  History  of  the  Speakership;  Hart,  "The 
Speaker  as  Premier,"  in  his  Practical  Essays,  1-19;  or 
the  same  in  Atlantic,  March^  1891) . 
a.  Clay  first  "draws  out"  or  demonstrates  the  possibili- 
ties of  the  speaker's  powers. 
h.  Dates  and  other  facts  as  to  his  long  service  as 
speaker, 

3.  Clay  the  "peace-maker"  (Adams,  United  States,  IX,  1-79; 

Sehurz,  I,  102-125 ;  Rogers,  76-89 ;  Schouler,  II,  431-38) . 
a.  Character  of  the  makers  and  of  the  proceedings  of 

the  Treaty  of  Ghent. 
Z).  Clay's  part  in  the  treaty. 

II.  Clay  in  the  House,  1815-1824  (Sehurz,  I,  126-202). 

1.  Favors  the  re-charter  of  the  Bank,  1816;  later  position 

(Rogers,  267  ff.). 

2.  Champion  of  protective  tariff  for  safety  of  the  country  in 

war  time  (1816). 

3.  Advocates  internal  improvements   (Hart,  253-55;  Sehurz, 

I,  45ff.,  46,  138,145,  162). 

4.  His  radical  position  regarding  the  Monroe  doctrine. 

5.  His  part  in  the  Missouri  Compromise,  1820-21  (Sehurz,  I, 

172-202;   Hart,   238-41;  Rogers,  235  ff.;   Schouler,   III, 

III.  Clay  the  Presidential  Candidate. 

1.  Rivals  of  Clay,  1824 ;  Clay  and  Jackson  as  enemies. 

2.  Clay  the  President-Maker,  1825. 

a.  Election  in  the  House  rejects  Jackson  for  Adams* 

the  principle  of  demos  krateo. 
h.  Clav,  Adams,  and  the  "dirty  bargain"  (Sehurz,  I,  236 

ff.';  Rogers,  124-137;  Schouler,  III,  324-29,  338-43). 

IV.  Clay  as  Secretary  of  State,  1825-1829   (Sehurz,  I,  258-310: 

Rogers,  138-144). 

1.  How  he  conducted  the  office. 

2.  The  Panama  Congress  (Schouler,  III,  358  ff.). 


HENRY   CLAY.  53 

3.  Clay  and  the  tariff  of  1828. 

4.  Clay  and  slavery;  colonization  scheme  (Rogers,  145-156; 

later  position,  Schurz,  II,  69  ff.,  152  ff.;  Von  Hoist,  I, 
412  ff.). 

5.  Pleasant  relations  of  Clay  and  Adams. 

V.  Clay's  Second  Candidacy  for  the  Presidency,  1832. 

1.  The  party  chiefs  (Schurz,  I,  311-349;  Clay  a  National  Re- 

publican (became  Whig  party). 

2.  The  Campaign:    Jackson  victorious    (Schurz,   I,  350-83; 

Rogers,  172-93;   Schouler,  IV,  71-83). 

VI.  Clay  and  the  Tariff  Compromise  of  1833  (Rhodes,  I,  47  ff . ; 

Thatcher,  as  below  cited;  also  Rogers,  239  ff.;  Schurz, 
II,  1-22;  Taussig,  Tariff  History,  105;  Schouler,  IV,  102 
ff.;  Von  Hoist,  I,  491-505). 

1.  Tariff  of  1832  and  South  Carolina  nullification;   Clay's 

"American  System"   (Schouler,  IV,  61  ff.). 

2.  The  Compromise  of  1833  arranged  by  Calhoun,  Clayton, 

and  Clay;  Clay's  land-revenue  bill;  and  the  "force-bill." 

VII.  Clay's  Third  Candidacy  for  the  Presidency,  1844;  Slavery 

and  the  annexation  of  Texas  the  chief  "issue"  (Schurz. 
II,  228-67;  Schouler,  IV,  459-80;  Rogers,  179  ff.,  206  ff.). 

1.  Clay,  as  the  "Old  Prince,"  becomes  the  Whig  candidate. 

2.  Polk,  the  Democratic  annexationist,  victorious. 

3.  Clay  failed  to  gain  the  convention  nomination  in  1839-40 

and  in  1848  (Rogers,  194-203;  Von  Hoist,  II,  361  ff.). 

VIII.  Clay  and  the  Compromise  of  1850  (Rogers,  333-56;  Schurz, 

II,  315-72;  Schouler,  V,  160-83,  196  ff.;  Thatcher,  as 
below  cited ;  Rhodes,  United  States^  I,  181  ff ;  Von  Hoist, 
III.). 

IX.  Clay's  Place  in  American  History. 

1.  His  persoualitv   (Rogers,  157-71,  366-80;  Schurz,  II,  405- 

14). 

a.  Appearance. 

6.  Habits,  moral  standards,  and  ideals. 

c.  Oratory;  power  as  a  debater. 

2.  Statesmanship:    was   he  the   "preserver   of  the  Union"? 

(Rogers,  357  ff.). 

3.  Comparison  with  Calhoun,  Webster,  and  Douglas. 

EEFERENCES. 

,    The  best  biography  of  Clay  is  Carl  Schurz,  Henry  Clay    (2  vols.,  N. 

Y.,  1892)  ;  and  personal  details  are  well  present'^'^  in  J.  M.  Eog-ers,  The 


54  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

True  Henry  Clay  (1904).  Begin  by  reading  the  short  account  by  W.  P. 
Trent,  in  New  Int.  Encyclopcedia,  V,  8-10.  Professor  Howard  W,  Cald- 
well in  his  Henry  Clay  (Chicago,  1899)  has  a  lively  and  trustworthy 
account  with  a  bibliography  (p.  100).  There  are  short  sketches  by 
Parton,  Famous  Americans  (1871),  1-52;  Greeley,  in  his  Recollections 
(1869),  159-68;  Littell,  in  his  Clay  Minstrel  (1844),  1  ff . ;  Orth,  Five. 
American  Politicians  (1906)  ;  Mallory,  Biography  of  Henry  Clay;  Colton, 
Last  Seven  Years  of  Henry  Clay  (1856)  ;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Men  who  made 
the  Nation,  255-81. 

Consult  also  Prentice,  Biography  of  Henry  Clay  (2d  ed.,  1831)  ;  Sargent, 
Life  and  Public  Services  of  Henry  Clay  (1859)  ;  Thatcher,  Ideas  that  have 
influenced  Civilization,  VIII,  148-60  (Clay  on  internal  improvements), 
285-88    (compromise  of  1833),  IX,  117-23    (compromise  of  1850). 

The  Works  of  Clay  are  edited  in  7  volumes  by  Calvin  Colton,  with  a 
biography. 

On  Clay  as  Speaker,  see  the  works  of  Eogers,  Hart,  and  Follett.  above 
cited.  The  histories  of  Schouler,  Von  Hoist,  Ehodes,  Adams,  and  Hart 
already  cited  contain  much  material.  See  also  McMaster,  People  of 
United  States,  Index;  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality  (1906)  ; 
Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West  (1906)  ;  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy 
(1906)  ;  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition  (1906)  ;  Garrison,  Westward  ex- 
tension (1906)  ;  Von  Hoist,  Calhoun;  Shepard,  VanBuren;  Adams,  Ran- 
dolph; Morse,  J.  Q.  Adams — in  each  case  using  the  Index. 

See  especially  Caldwell,  Some  American  Legislators,  52-73 ;  and  his 
Henry  Clay  (1899)  ;  and  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  11,  417-20,  427-29, 
499-501,    646-49. 


Section  XV.     Daniel  Webster^  the  Defender  op  the  Federal 
Union  (1782-1852). 

A.    Evolution  of  Wclste^^s  Personality  (1782-1828). 

I.  Early  Years   (1782-1805). 

1.  Born  in  Salisbury  (now  Franklin),  N.  H.,  Jan.  18,  1782; 

descended  from  the  Scotch  Puritan,  Thomas  Webster, 
who  settled  in  New  Hampshire  ca.  1636;  character  and 
deeds  of  his  father,  Ebenezer  Webster  (1739-1806)  :  In- 
dian fighter,  ranger.  Revolutionary  officer,  and  Judge; 
his  mother,  Abigail  Eastman. 

2.  General  education   (Lodge,  9  ff. ;  Curtis,  Life  of  Daniel 

Webster,  I;  Lauman,  Private    Life    of    Wel)ster;  also 

works  of  Parton  and  McMaster). 

a.  At  village  schools;  reading  and  sawing. 

t.  At  Exeter  Academy  (1794). 

c.  With  Dr.  Wood  at  Boscawen,  N.  H.  (1795-7). 

d.  At  Dartmouth,  1797-1801 :  his  attainments  and  traits 

at  this  period  (Lodge,  13-23). 

1)  Editor  of  a  weekly  journal. 

2)  "Catches"  poetry. 


DANIEL  WEBSTER.  55 

3)  Fourth  of  July  Oration,  1800,  at  Hanover. 

4)  Oration  on  "Opinion." 

3.  Law  training :  in  Thompson's  law-office  at  Salisbury,  1801, 
1803;  in  office  of  Christopher  Gore,  Boston,  1804-5;  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  1805. 
a.  Principal  of  ''Fryebourg  Academy,"  Maine:    Daniel's 

love  for  his  brother,  Ezekiel,  and  the  self-sacrifice 

of  their  parents  for  their  sons. 
&.  Declines  court  clerkship  at  salary  of  |1500.00,  1804. 

II.  Early  Career  as  Lawyer,  Legislator,  and  Orator. 

1.  Webster  the  lawyer :  at  Boscawen,  1805-7 ;  at  Portsmouth, 

N.  H.,  1807-16;  at  Boston,  1816  ff. 

a.  His  first  criminal  case  (Lodge,  34-35)  ;  anecdotes  and 

incidents  in  his  early  legal  experience. 
&.  He  mixes  law  with  speeches,  orations,  and  pamphlets : 

the  Portsmouth  oration,  July  4,  1812  (Lodge,  45-47). 

c.  The  Dartmouth  College  Case,  1816  (Lodge,  72-98). 

1)  Origin  of  the  case. 

2)  Importance  of  the  decision. 

3)  Relation  to  later  decisions  affecting  contract  and 

"police-power." 

4)  Greatness  of  Webster's  legal  and  forensic  pow 

ers. 

d.  Webster's    argument    in    Gibbons    vs.    Ogden,    1821 

(Lodge,  99  ff.). 
6.  His  argument  in  Ogden  vs.  Saunders,  1827. 
/=.  In  the  Girard  Will  Case,  1844. 
cj.  In  the  Rhode  Island  Case. 

2.  Famous  orations  (Lodge,  117-128). 

a.  The  Plymouth  Oration,  Dec.  22,  1820. 

&.  The  Bunker  Hill  Oration,  1825. 

c.  The  Eulogy  on  Adams  and  Jefferson,  1826. 

3.  The  legislator. 

a.  Webster's  work  in  the  Massachusetts  constitutional 
convention,  1820  (Ix)dge,  110  ff.). 

Z).  Representative  from  New  Hampshire  in  U.  S.  Con- 
gress, 1813-17;  an  anti-war  Federalist  (Lodge,  49 
ff.). 

1)  Opposes  embargo  and  favors  navy. 

2)  His  position  on  the  bank,  finance,  and  the  tariff 

(Lodge,  62  ff.). 

3)  On  Committee  for  Foreign  Relations. 


56  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

c.  Representative  from  Massachusetts,  1822-27  (Lodge, 
129-153). 

B.    Wehster  the  Statesman:  the  Champion  of  the  National  Union 

(1828-1852). 

I.  Offices  and  Aspirations  (Lodge,  154  fif.). 

1.  In  the  U.  S.  Senate,  1827-1841. 

a.  Favors  tariff  of  1828. 

6.  Resists  doctrine  of  nullification,  1830:  his  reply  to 

Hayne. 
c.  Resists    Jackson's    bank    policy,    favoring    recharter 

(Lodge,  205  ff.). 

2.  Secretary  of  State,  1841-43  (Lodge,  241  ff.). 

a.  The  McLeod  and  Creole  incidents. 
6.  The  Ashburton  Treaty. 

3.  Again  in  the  Senate,  1845-1850  (Lodge,  264-332). 

a.  Resists  annexation  of  Texas  and  war  with  Mexico. 

6.  The  Seventh  of  March  speech,  1850:  effects  of  Web- 
ster's compromise  views  (Rhodes,  I,  137-62;  Von 
Hoist,  III,  497  ff.). 

4.  Again  Secretary  of  State,  1850-52. 

5.  Webster  and  the  'Presidential  Bee"  (Von  Hoist,  II,  345, 

364,  410,  III,  502,  504,  505,  IV,  72,  140,  147). 
a.  1836 :  receives  electoral  vote  of  Massachusetts. 
h.  Suggested  for  presidency,  1840:  small  following. 

c.  Failed  to  get  Whig  nomination,   1848;   defeated  bv 

Taylor. 

d.  Failed  to  get  Whig  nomination,  1852;  defeated  by 

Scott ;  advised  friends  to  vote  for  Pierce,  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate. 

II.  Characteristics  of  Webster   (Lodge,  343-62;  Von  Hoist,  III, 

503-4,  IV,  42-43,  204). 
a.  Personal  appearance. 
6.  Intellectual  powers. 

c.  Traits  and  habits. 

d.  Weakness  of  his  moral  character, 
c.  His  place  in  American  history. 

REFERENCES. 
After  the  brief  article  in  the  New  International  Encyclopaedia,  XX, 
292-93,  the  biog-raphy  by  H.  C.  Lodge,  Daniel  Wehster,  in  the  Statesman 
Series  (1883),  may  be  read  to  advantage.  This  may  be  followed  by  the 
standard  work  of  G.  T.  Curtis,  Daniel  Wehster  (2  vols.,  4th  ed.,  1872). 
There  are  short  lives  by  J.  B.  McMaster   (1902)  ;  and  by  H.  E.  Scudder 


CHARLES  SUMNER.  57 

(1882).  See  also  Peter  Harvey,  Reminiscences  and  Anecdotes  of  Daniel 
Webster  (1877)  ;  Edward  Everett,  Biographical  Memoir,  in  Webster's 
Works  (1877),  I,  13-160;  O.  J.  Thatcher,  Ideas  that  have  influericed  Civ- 
ilization, VIII,  247-270  (the  Supreme  Court  the  final  Arbiter)  ;  E.  P. 
Gould,  John  Adams  and  Daniel  Webster  as  Schoolmasters  (1903)  ;  T.  S. 
King,  Webster's  Character  and  his  Work  in  our  National  Life,  in  his 
Substance  and  Show  (1877),  299-353;  Charles  Lauman,  Private  Life  of 
Daniel  Webster  (1853)  ;  James  Parton,  Daniel  Webster,  in  his  Famous 
Americans  (1871),  53-112;  J.  C.  Keed,  Webster,  in  his.  The  Brothers's 
War  (1905),  130-160;  E.  P.  Wheeler,  Daniel  Webster  the  Expounder  of  the 
Constitution  (1905)  ;  and  E.  E.  Sparks,  Men  who  made  the  Nation,  318- 
45.  Some  discussion  of  the  questions  connected  with  Webster's  career 
may  be  found  in  James  Ford  Rhodes,  United  States,  III,  35-38  (tariff  of 
1824),  I,  42  fe.  (with  Hayne),  50  (with  Calhoun),  72,  77  (Texas),  137- 
162  (7th  of  March  Speech)  ;  H.  von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  Index 
volume.  340-45,  detailed  references;  James  Schouler,  Index  to  each  vol- 
ume; A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union,  134,  203,  226,  230,  248,  236 
(Dartmouth  College  Case),  258;  W^  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  11, 
30,  31,  44-47,  137,  139,  140,  141,  170,  173,  175;  K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of 
American  Nationalitv,  210-11,  221,  224,  226,  229,  237,  302;  F.  J.  Turner, 
Rise  of  the  New  West,  5,  12,  19,  25,  176,  218,  239,  321;  William  Mac- 
Donald,  Jacksonian  Democracv,  62,  69,  72,  132  (bank  veto),  163,  95-105 
(const,  debates),  149,  166  (force  bill),  214  (Texas),  233.  298-300,  303; 
A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  265,  294  (Creole  case)  ;  G.  P.  Garrison, 
Westward  Extension,  54,  62,  65,  67,  70,  81-84  (Ashburton  Treaty),  197, 
259,  324-26  (7th  of  March  speech).  The  new  work  of  E.  P.  Wheeler, 
Daniel  Webster,  the  Expounder  of  the  Constitution,  should  be  consulted. 

Compare  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  11,  356-40,  IV,  52-56;  and 
read  also  W.  G.  Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  82-379,  passim;  Carl  Schurz, 
Henry  Clay,  Index  to  vol.  II;  H.  von  Hoist,  Calhoun,  60,  83,  210, 
225,  273,  322;  T.  Roosevelt,  Benton,  Index;  E.  M.  Shepard,  Van  Buren, 
Index;  Moorefield  Storey,  Sumner,  Index;  A.  L.  Dawes,  Sumner,  8,  11, 
17,  48,  52,  65,  66,  86,  101;  E.  L.  Pierce,  Memoir  and  Letters  of  Charles 
Sumner,  Index;  H.  C.  Lodge,  Studies  in  History   (1884),  294-329. 

For  the  debate  with  Hayne,  consult  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents, 
240-49,  255-59  ;  Elliot,  Debates,  IV,  496-519 ;  W.  J.  Bryan,  World's  Famous 
Orations,  IX,  3-63. 

See  the  Writings  and  Speeches  of  Webster  (national  ed.,  18  vols., 
1903)  ;  C.  H.  Van  Tyne's  edition  of  The  Letters  of  Daniel  Webster  (1902)  ; 
source  material  in  H.  W.  Caldwell,  Some  Great  Legislators,  II,  No.  4; 
and  extracts  from  Webster's  speeches  in  MacDonald,  Select  Documents, 
284,  306-7,  327,  333,  335,  339.  F.  Webster  has  edited  the  Private  Corre- 
spondence of  Daniel  Webster  (2  vols.,  1857)  ;  and  there  is  an  edition  of 
Webster's  Works   (6  vols.,  1877),  with  a  memoir  by  Edward  Everett. 

Section   XVI.     Charles  Sumner,  the  Apostle  op  Peace  and 
Liberty   (1811-1874). 

I.  Early  Life:  Rise  of  a  Scholar  in  Politics,  1811-1840  (Storey, 
chaps,  i-iv;  Dawes,  chaps,  i-vi;  Pierce,  Vols.  I,  II,  III, 
1-203;  Netv  International  Encyclopaedia,  XVIII,  694- 
95). 
1.  Ancestry:  William,  son  of  Roger  Sumner  of  Bicester  in 
Oxfordshire,  came  to  Dorchester,  Mass.,  1635.  Charles, 
son  of  Charles  Pincknev  Sumner,  a  descendant  of  Will- 


58  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP, 

iam  in  the  7th  generation;  character  of  his  father   (d. 
1839)  ;  of  his  mother,  Relief  Jacob  (d.  1866). 

2.  Education. 

a.  He  wished  to  study  at  West  Point;  but  failed  to  get 
cadetship. 

&.  Graduated  at  Harvard,  1830;  finished  Harvard  Law 
School  and  admitted  to  the  bar,  1834;  influence  of 
Judge  Joseph  Storey  and  Professor  Simon  Green- 
leaf. 

c.  Special  activities  during  student  years;  prizes  won; 

general    reading;    literary    productions;    meetings 
with  great  men. 

d.  Personal  appearance  and  traits  at  this  time  (Storev, 

9-13). 

3.  Beginnings  in  law  practice,  1834-37. 

a.  Instructor  in  Harvard  Law  School,  1835-37. 

6.  Court  reporter,  editor  of  Jurist;  other  activities. 

4.  Visit  to  Europe,  1837-40  (See  Pierce,  I,  II). 

a.  Meetings  with  celebrated  men  and  women. 
6.  His  account  of  Lord  John  Russell 
c.  General  value  of  his  travels. 

II.  Sumner's  Middle  Career:  Establishment  of  his  Personality, 
1840-1850  (Storev,  chaps,  iii,  iv;  Dawes,  44-61;  Pierce, 
III). 

1.  The  Boston  lawyer. 

2.  Catholicity  of  his  tastes  and  interests;  shares  in  social, 

educational,  and  philanthropic  movements. 

3.  Anti-slavery  sentiments  developed;  various  speeches,  writ- 

ings, and  contests. 

4.  His  great  oration,  "The  True  Grandeur  of  Nations,"  Julv 

4,  1845 :  according  to  Cobden,  the  "noblest  contribution'* 

to  "the  cause  of  peace"  (Storey,  34-35;  Pierce,  II,  337- 

84;  Davis,  50-51). 

a.  The  ideal  of  peace  vs.  the  ideal  of  militarism. 

t.  Political  results  of  the  oration  (Storey,  34  ff.). 

5.  Texas  annexation  resisted;  Winthrop's  toast:  "Our  Coun- 

try, however  bounded,"  July  4,  1845;  Sumner's  resolu- 
tions, Nov.  4,  1845  (Storey,  43-4;  Pierce,  III,  98  ff.). 

6.  Becomes  a  leader  of  the  Mass.  "Conscience  Whigs,"  which 

shared  in  the  formation  of  the  Free  Soil  Party;  opposed 
by  the  "Cotton  Whigs"   (See  Pierce,  III). 

7.  Prison  discipline  debates,  1846-7  (Pierce,  III,  79  ff.). 


CHARLES  SUMNER.  59 

8.  Writings   and   political   controversies;   defeated  as  Free 
Soil  candidate  for  Congress,  1848   (See  Pierce,  III,  1- 
188). 
III.  Sumner  the  National   Statesman  and  Political  Reformer: 
Senator,  1851-1874. 

1.  Election  as  U.  S.  Senator  by  a  coalition  of  Free  Soilers 

and  Democrats  against  the  Whigs  led  by  W^ebster. 
a.  Character  and  influence  of  Sumner's  speech  at  Fan 

euil  Hall,  Nov.  6,  1850  (Storey,  76-80;  Pierce,  III, 

IV;  Dawes,  62  ff.). 
6.  Allies  and  adversaries  of  Sumner  (Storey,  74  ff.). 
c.  The  senatorial  struggle  in  the  legislature  of  Mass. 

2.  Early   career   as    senator,   1851-1860:     Sumner   the   anti- 

slavery  champion. 

a.  His  speech:  "Freedom  National,  Slavery  Sectional" 
(Storey,  92-95;  Dawes,  79  ff.). 

Z>.  His  speeches  on  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compro- 
mise, 1853-54  (Storey,  101-130;  Pierce,  III,  345  ff.). 

c.  His  great  speech :   "The  Crime  against  Kansas,"  May 

19,  1856  (Storey,  131-61;  Pierce,  III,  439  ff . ; 
Dawes,  108  if.;  Rhodes,  United  States,  II,  147-49, 
139-40;  Von  Hoist,  V,  313  ff.). 

1)  Character  of  the  speech. 

2)  The  Brooks  assault    (Pierce,  III,  461  ff.;  Von 

Hoist,  V,  318  ff.). 

3)  Results  of  the  assault. 

(a)   Visit  to  Europe,  1856-59   (Dawes,  127  ff.; 

Pierce, 'ill,  525  ff . ;  Story,  155  ff.). 
(h)   The  presidential  campaign  of  1856. 

d.  His  speech  on  "The  Barbarism  of  Slavery,"  June  4, 

1859  (Storey,  172  ff.;  Pierce,  III,  605  ff.). 

e.  Triumph  of  Lincoln  and  the  Republican  Party,  1860; 

Sumner's  share  in  the  campaign. 

3.  Sumner  opposes  compromise  as  the  preventive  of  seces- 

sion (Storey,  178-196). 

4.  Sumner  favors  emancipation  in  1861 ;  his  speech  of  Oct.  1, 

1861  (Storey,  201  ff.;  Dawes,  154  ff. ;  Pierce,  IV). 

5.  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations  (1861- 

1871)  :   Speech  on  "Trent  Affair"  (Pierce,  IV,  50  ff.). 

6.  Share  in  "Reconstruction"  debates;  and  in  the  struggle 

with  President  ^lohnson;   his   "suicide  theory"   of  the 
states  as  meaning  death  of  slavery  (Pierce,  IV,  267  ff.). 


60  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

7.  Closing  years;  his  ideals  of  humanism,  peace,  and  social 
justice  maintained. 

IV.  Sumner's  Place  in  History. 

1.  The  apostle  of  the  evangel  of  international  peace   (see 

especially  G.  F.  Magoun,  in  The  International  Review^ 

I,  676-99,  and  the  literature  there  cited). 

a.  Revealed  in  his  ''True  Grandeur  of  Nations,"  July  4, 

1845.    See  above. 
6.  Revealed  in  his  "War  System  of  the  Commonwealth 

of  Nations,"  May,  1849. 
c.  Revealed  in  acts  and  utterances  throughout  his  life. 

2.  The  apostle  of  human  brotherhood. 

3.  The  apostle  of  the  new  humanism :  the  scholar  in  politics. 

4.  His  personality. 

a.  Appearance. 

&.  Habits   and   pursuits;   personal  traits    (See  Storey, 
Index,  p.  463). 

c.  Faults  of  temper. 

d.  Moral  grandeur  of  his  character  (Von  Hoist,  Const, 

History,  IV,  219-21). 

EEPERENCES. 

The  short  article  in  the  'New  International  Enoyclopcedia,  XVIII, 
694-95,  may  be  followed  by  the  excellent  brief  biography  by  Moorefield 
Storey  in  the  Statesmen  Series;  supplemented  by  the  popular  book  of 
Anna  Lanrens  Dawes,  Charles  Sumner  (1892),  in  the  Makers  of  America 
Series.  Very  important  are  the  Memoir  and  Letters  of  Charles  Sumner 
(4  vols.,  1878-1893),  by  Sumner's  friend,  Edward  L.  Pierce;  and  A.  H. 
Grimke,  Charles  Sumner,  the  Scholar  in  Politics  (1892). 

Consult  Charles  Sumner,  Works  (12  vols.,  Boston,  1874-80)  ;  idem, 
Emancipation,  its  Policy  and  Necessity  as  a  War  Measure  (1862)  ;  idem. 
White  Slavery  in  the  Barhary  States   (1853). 

The  great  question^  with  which  Sumner  was  connected  are  discussed 
by  A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  211,  294  (Creole  case),  318;  T.  C. 
Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  18,  49,  101,  140,  156  (Kansas  philippic), 
157-160  ("Brooks's  assault"),  158;  J.  K.  Hosmer,  The  Appeal  to  Arms, 
64,  77  (Trent  affair),  210;  idem.  Outcome  of  the  Civil  Wnr,  137,  227,  265 
(and  Longfellow)  ;  J.  F.  Ehodes,  United  States,  T.  454-5  (Kansas-Nebraska 
controversy),  II,  Index,  many  citations;  H.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional 
History,  V,  318  ff.  (Brooks's  assault),  313  ff.  ("Crime  against  Kansas"), 
VII,  203,  and  Index  volume,  301-302;  James  Schouler,  United  States,  V. 
104,  209,  214,  303,  343,  345. 

See  also  J.  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  100,  106,  113,  296,  II,  4; 
W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  402-3. 

For  speeches  of  Sumner,  see  W.  J.  Bryan,  World's  Famous  Orations, 
IX,  160-73  (Crime  against  Kansas)  ;  the  Woi^ks  of  Sumner;  extracts  in 
H  W.  Caldwell,  Some  American  Legislators,  II,  No.  6;  and  source  ma- 
terial in  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  IV,  10,  550,  462-64,  470,  547-50. 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN.  61 

Section    XVII.      Abraham    Lincoln,    the    Typical    Ameri^^an 
Genius   (1809-1865). 

A.    The  Evolution  of  Lincoln's  Personality. 

I.  Ancestry  (Morse,  I,  1-8;  Nicolay,  3  ff . ;  Nicolay  and  Hay,  I; 

Arnold,  13-27;  Lamon,  1  tf.;  Tarbell,  Early  Life,  1  ff; 
idem^  Abraham  Lincoln,  I,  1-17;  Hill,  3  ff.). 

1.  Probably   descended   from   Samuel  Lincoln,   of  Norwich, 

England,  who  settled  in  Hingham,  Mass.,  1640;  but  the 
early  genealogy  is  very  obscure. 

2.  Quaker   descendants   of   Samuel,   who   migrated   to  New 

Jersey,  then  to  Pennsylvania,  and  later  to  Rockingham 
County,  Va. ;  of  these,  Abraham  Lincoln,  the  President's 
grandfather,  removed  to  Jefferson  County,  Va.,  ca. 
1780-82. 

3.  Character  of  Thomas  Lincoln,  father  of  Abraham. 

4.  Character  of  Nancy  Hanks,  Abraham's  mother  (Morse,  T. 

7-8;  Herndon,  3  ff.;  Holland,  23;  Raymond,  20;  Nicolay 
and  Hay,  I,  24),  On  the  question  of  her  legitimacy, 
compare  Morse  with  Tarbell. 

II.  The  Kentucky  Home  of  Lincoln,  1809-1816 :   Vicissitudes  of  a 

Roving  Squatter's  Family. 

1.  Various  abodes;  the  poverty  and  squalor  of  pioneer  life. 

2.  The  log  cabin  at  Hodgensville. 

III.  The  Indiana  Home  of  Lincoln,  1816-1830. 

1.  The  "half-faced  camp"  and  the  family  belongings. 

2.  October  5,  1818,  Nancy  dies;  and  in  1819  Abraham  ac- 

quires a  step-mother,  Mrs.  Sally  Bush  Johnston:  her 
good  influence. 

3.  Abraham's  education. 

a.  Scanty  and  fragmentary  schooling  for  a  few  months 
(Herndon,  34-37,  41;  Lamon,  33-39;  Holland,  28; 
Morse  I,  12-13;  Arnold,  20  ff.;  Tarbell,  I,  15  ff.,  29 
ff.). 

I).  General  reading  (Morse,  I,  13). 

4.  Coarse  moral  and  social   surroundings;  youthful  habits 

and  mental  activities;  the  Lincoln  myths  of  this  period. 

5.  First  work   for  hire:   an  expert  country  butcher  at  31 

cents  a  day. 

6.  1830 :  the  14  days'  trip  of  a  "mover's"  ox-team  to  Illinois. 

IV.  The  Illinois  Home  of  Lincoln,  till  the  Opening  of  his  Public 


62  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

Life,  1830-1834  (Morse,  I,  15-42;  Arnold,  28  ff.;  Tarbell, 
I,  45  ff.;  Lamon,  73  ff.;  Nicolay,  21  ff). 

1.  The  rail-splitter. 

2.  The  flat-boat  "hand"  on  the  Mississippi,  1831;  influence 

of  Denton  Offut;  first  thoughts  on  slavery. 

3.  The  store-keeper  at  New  Salem,  1831-32. 

4.  First  taste  of  polilies:  beaten  for  the  legislature,  1832; 

campaign  methods. 

5.  Lincoln,  in  the  Black  Hawk  war,  1832:  captain  and  pri- 

vate. 

6.  More  store-keeping :  failure  of  Berry  and  Lincoln ;  Lincoln 

shoulders  the  firm's  load  of  debt,  and  Berry  "moves  on." 

7.  Postmaster  at  New  Salem,  1833-1836. 

8.  Deputy  land  surveyer,  1834:  nearly  crushed  by  the  "nat- 

ional debt." 

9.  The  moral  and  physical  environment  of  Lincoln's  youth; 

and  how  it  moulded  his  personality  (Morse,  I,  20-34). 

V.  Lincoln's    First    Years    in    Politics    (Morse,  I,  42;  Nicolay, 

39-60;  Arnold,  45  ff.;  Tarbell,  I,  67  ff.,  89  ff.). 

1.  1834-1842 :  member  of  the  Illinois  legislature. 

a.  His  "platform,"  1836  (Morse,  I,  50). 

h.  Position  on  slavery:  the  "protest"  of  1837. 

2.  Begins   law  practice,   1837;   moves  to   Springfield,   1839. 

Character  of  the  Bar  in  early  Illinois  (Morse,  I,  67  ff.). 
S.  Marries  Mary  Todd,  1842 :  her  character  and  her  influence 
on  Lincoln. 

4.  In  Congress,  1847-49;  incidents  (Arnold,  76  ff.). 

5.  July  1,  1852:   Eulogy  on  Henry  Clay. 

6.  Opposes  the  extension  of  slavery  in  the  territories. 

a.  Speech    at    Springfield    State    Fair,  October,  1854; 

rivalry  with  Douglas. 
h.  Speech  at  Republican  Convention    at    Bloomington, 

1856. 
c.  Makes  fifty  speeches  for  Fremont,  1856. 

VI.  The  Great  Debate  with  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  1858  (Morse,  I, 

111-160;  Arnold,  139  ff.;  Nicolay,  118  ft'.;  Nicolay  and 
Hay,  II;  Tarbell,  I,  300  ff.;  Hilf,  263  ff.). 

1.  Character,  ability,  and  political  principles  of  Douglas. 

2.  Illustrations  of  the  debate;  moral  courage  and  boldness 

of  Lincoln. 

3.  Result:    Douglas  wins  the   Senatorship;   and  the  presi- 

dencv  of  Lincoln  made  inevitable. 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN.  63 

VII.  President  Lincoln,  1861-65. 

1.  The  election  of  1860. 

2.  The  secession  of  the  states  and  how  Lincoln  controlled 

the  situation. 

3.  Lincoln  the  master  of  men:  his  cabinet  and  how  he  gov- 

erned it. 

4.  Lincoln  the  Emancipator. 

a.  Development  of  his  policy  as  to  abolition  of  slavery. 

6.  The  preliminary  proclamation  of  September  22,  1862 
(Morse,  II,  112-121)  ;  the  final  emancipation  procla- 
mation Jan.  1,  1863  (Morse,  II,  130  ff.). 

5.  Lincoln  as  a  war-executive. 

a.  Dealings  with  his  generals, 
ft.  Greatness  of  his  policy. 

0.  His  power  grounded  in  national  sentiment  and  in  the 
people's  love  for  the  man. 

6.  Death  of  Lincoln  (April  15,  1865). 

B.   The  Quality  of  Lincoln^ s  Personality. 

I.  The  Unique  Composition  of  Lincoln's  Personality  the  Secret 

of  his  Greatness. 

1.  How  his  character  unfolded  with  the  change  of  environ- 

ment. 

a.  Continual  moral  and  intellectual  growth. 

6.  Constant  sympathy  with  men:  a  true  child  of  the 

American  people;   especially  of  the  people  of  the 

West. 

2.  His  absolute  intellectual  honesty  or  rectitude;  ^'above  all 

else  he  thought  fairly^'  (Morse,  I,  139). 

3.  Hence  his  character  reveals  a  remarkable  seeming  para- 

dox: an  impersonal  personality. 

II.  How  Lincoln's  Unique  Personality  Expresses  Itself  in  his 

Ideals  and  his  Conduct. 

1.  As  a  humorist;  value  of  the  American  talent  for  perceiv- 

ing life's  tragi-comedy. 

2.  As  a  lawyer;  his  lofty  ethical  standard. 

3.  As  an  orator  and  as  a  debater :  whence  the  power  of  the 

"Gettysburg  Address"    (Nov.  19,  1863:    See  Morse,  II, 

214-16;  Arnold,  327-30). 

a.  Secret  of  his  power  as  an  orator. 

t.  What  part  of  his  success  due  to  his  power  of  speech? 

4.  As  the  war  executive:  how  did  he  prove  himself  "maste? 


04  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

of  men"?    At  the  beginning  of  the  war,  his  personality 
reveals  the  serene  majesty  of  a  natural  force;  almost 
superhuman  grandeur  and  patience. 
5.  As  a  man. 

a.  His    humanism:    simplicity,    charity,    magnanimity, 

patience,  constancy,  sympathy. 
6.  His  democracy:  love  of  all  men;  his  soul  absolutely 

imcapable  of  envy,  malice,  or  revenge. 

c.  Lincoln  the  type  of  American  genius. 

d.  The  modern  "man  of  sorrow" ;  for  his  heart  throbbed 

in  complete  unison  with  the  joys  and  sufferings  of 
the  people. 

e.  His  legacy  to  humanity. 

REFERENCES. 

The  short  article  by  W.  P.  Trent  in  'New  International  EncyclopcBdia, 
XII,  283-86,  is  useful  as  an  outline.  An  excellent  biography  in  2  volumes 
is  J.  T.  Morse,  Abraham  Lincoln  (1893).  For  masses  of  details,  consult 
J.  G.  Nicolay  and  John  Hay,  Life  of  Lincoln  (10  vols.,  1890)  ;  and  this 
work  ha«  been  abridged  by  Nicolay,  Short  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln 
(1902).  There  is  a  brief  Life  by  I.  N.  Arnold  (9th  ed.,  1901)  ;  and  an 
earlier  History  of  Ahraham  Lincoln  and  the  Overthrow  of  Slavery  (1866), 
by  the  same  vs^riter ;  an  attractive  book  on  Lincoln  the  Lawyer  by  F.  T. 
Hill  (1906)  ;  w^hile  Ida  M.  Tarbell's  Life  of  Ahraham  Lincoln  (2  vols., 
1900)  is  supplemented  by  her  valuable  Early  Life  (1896),  containing 
interesting-  pictures  and  drawings.  See  also  Noah  Brooks,  Abraham 
Lincoln  and  the  Downfall  of  American  Slavery  (1894)  ;  F.  B.  Carpenter, 
The  Inner  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  (1868)  ;  L.  E.  Chittenden,  Recollec- 
tions of  Ahraham  Lincoln  and  his  Administration  (1891)  ;  W.  E.  Curtis, 
True  Ahraham  Lincoln  (1903)  ;  J.  M.  Davis,  Ahraham  Lincoln  His  Book: 
A  Facsimile  Reproduction  of  the  Original  (1901)  ;  C.  W.  French,  Ahra- 
ham Lincoln,  the  Liberator  (1891)  ;  Horace  Greeley,  Greeley  on  Lincoln, 
etc.  (1893),  ed.  by  Joel  Benton;  Norman  Hapg-ood,  Ahraham  Lincoln, 
the  Man  of  the  People  (1900)  ;  A.  K.  McClure,  Ahraham  Lincoln  and  Men 
of  War  Times  (1892)  ;  W.  O.  Stoddard,  Ahraham  Lincoln  (1885)  ;  idem, 
Lincoln  at  Work  (1900)  ;  H.  C.  Whitney,  Life  on  the  Circuit  with  Lincoln 
(1892)  ;  R.  R.  Wilson,  Lincoln  in  Caricature  (1903)  ;  Gideon  Wells,  Lin- 
coln and  Seward  (1874)  ;  G.  M.  Van  Buren,  Lincoln's  Pen  and  Voice, 
being-  letters,  speeches,  addresses,  docum.ents,  etc.  (1890)  ;  O.  J.  Thatcher, 
Ideas  that  have  influenced  Civilization,  IX,  179-196. 

Minute  personal  and  other  biographical  details  may  be  found  in  W. 
H.  Herndon  and  J.  W.  Weik,  Ahraham  Lincoln:  The  True  Story  of  a 
Great  Life  (3  vols.,  1889;  2  vols.,  1892):  from  1844-1865,  Herndon  was 
Lincoln's  law  partner.  A  similar  book  is  W.  H.  Lamon,  Life  of  Ahraham 
Lincoln  (1872),  based  mainly  on  the  materials  collected  by  Herndon; 
and  the  same  writer  has  Recollections  of  Lincoln,  18Jt7-1865  (1895). 
Consult  also  J.  G.  Holland,  Lincoln  (1866)  ;  C.  G.  Leland,  Lincoln  (1879)  ; 
H.  J.  Raymond,  Life  and  Puhlic  Services  of  Ahraham  Lincoln,  with  his 
State  Papers  (1865)  ;  J,  H.  Barrett,  Ahraham  Lincoln  and  his  Presidency 
(2  vols.,  1904)  ;  idem.  Life  of  Lincoln  (1865)  ;  D.  W.  Bartlett,  Life  and 
Puhlic  Services  of  Ahraham  Lincoln  (1860)  ;  A.  J.  Rice,  Reminiscences 
(1886)  ;  Elbridg-e  S.  Brooks,  "The  Story  of  Abraham  Lincoln,"  in  his 
Historic  Americans,  335-53 ;  idem,  The  True  Story  of  Ahraham  Lincoln 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN.  65 

(1896)  ;  C.  C.  Coffin,  Abraham  Lincoln  (1893)  ;  Carl  K.  Fish,  "Lincoln 
and  Patronag-e,"  in  Am.  Hist  Review,  VIII,  53-69;  E.  E.  Sparks,  Men 
Who  made  the  Nation,  378-410. 

The  growing  literature  presents  Lincoln  ever  from,  new  view  points: 
See  H.  L.  Williams,  The  Lincoln  Story  Book  (1907)  ;  H.  B.  Binns,  Abra- 
ham Lincoln  (1907),  in  the  "Temple  Biographies";  D.  H.  Bates,  Lincoln 
in  the  Telegraph  Office  (1907)  ;  C.  H.  McCarthy,  Lincoln's  Plan  of  Recon- 
struction (1901)  ;  H.  S.  Burrage,  Gettysburg  and  Lincoln;  J.  Morgari, 
A'brahanb  Lincoln:  the  Boy  and  the  Man  (1909). 

For  appreciation  of  the  character  of  Lincoln,  see  especially  Carl 
Schurz,  Al)raham  Lincoln  (1891),  of  which  there  is  a  recent  "special" 
edition  with  an  essay  by  T.  H.  Bartlett.  With  this  read  Alonzo  Roths- 
child, Lincoln:  Master  of  Men  (1906)  ;  J.  H.  Lea  and  J.  E.  Hutchinson, 
Ancestry  of  Abraham  Lincoln;  Rufus  Blanchard,  Abraham  Lincoln,. the 
Type  of  American  Genius,  an  Historical  Romance  (1882). 

There  is  a  vast  mass  of  serial  literature  relating  to  Lincoln  which 
may  be  found  through  the  use  of  Poole's  Index  and  other  lists.  Of  course, 
all  the  histories  of  the  civil  war  times  and  of  the  preceding  few  years 
contain  relevant  discussions.  See  especially  the  works  of  Schouler,  Von 
Hoist,  and  Rhodes;  also  A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  175,  194,  310, 
322;  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  Index;  F.  E.  Chadwick,  Causes  of 
the  Civil  War,  Index ;  J.  K.  Hosmer,  The  Appeal  to  Arms,  Index ;  idem. 
Outcome  of  the  Civil  War,  Index ;  W.  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  Index. 

The  Lincoln-Douglas  Political  Debates  in  the  Celebrated  Campaign  o^ 
1858  were  published  at  Springfield  in  1860.  They  have  been  reissued  in 
1894,  1899,  by  A.  S.  Bouton  in  1905  ;  and  they  are  contained  in  Lincoln's 
Complete  Works  (2  vols.,  1894),  edited  by  Nicolay  and  Hay;  as  well  as 
in  Marion  Mills  Miller's  Centenary  edition.  The  Life  and  Works  of  Abra- 
ham Lincoln  (9  vols.,  1907),  vol.  I  constituting  H.  C.  Whitney's  Lincoln 
the  Citizen.  Read  Hannis  Taylor,  "The  Lincoln-Douglas  Debates  and  their 
Application  to  Present  Problems,"  in  :N.  A.  Review,  CLXXXIX,  Febru- 
ary, 1809,  1-61.  For  source  material,  consult  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries, 
IV,   Index^ 

G.  T.  Ritchie,  List  of  Lincolniana  (Library  of  Congress,  rev.  ed.,  1906), 
has  prepared  an  elaborate  bibliography ;  and  the  literature  of  Lincoln 
and  his  administration  is  classified  in  Channing  and  Hart,  Guide,  94, 
126,  402-27 ;  Hosmer,  The  Appeal  to  Arms,  323-33 ;  idem,  Outcome  of  the 
Civil  War,  307-27;  J.  N.  Lamed,  Literature  of  American  History  (1902), 
213-60;  J.  R,  Bartlett,  The  Literature  of  the  Rebellion  (1866),  giving 
6073  titles;  C.  H.  Van  Tyne  and  W.  G.  Leland,  Guide  to  the  Archives  of 
the  Government  of  the  United  States,  in  Carnegie  Institution,  Publica- 
tions, No.  14. 


66  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OF  STATESMEN. 

SELECT   REFERENCES. 


I.   Joseph  Galloway  (1731-1803). 

The  best  critical  account  of  Galloway's  writings  and  conduct  during 
the  revolutionary  period  is  M.  C.  Tyler,  Literary  History  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution,  I,  369-83,  II,  150-51 ;  with  which  may  be  compared  G.  E. 
Howard,  Preliminaries  of  the  Revolution,  136,  287,  291-92,  321-24.  See 
also  James  Tait,  in  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,  XX,  385-86;  E.  H. 
Baldwin,  "Joseph  Galloway,  Loyalist  Politician,"  in  Pennsylvania  Maga- 
zine of  History  and  Biography,  XXVI  (1902),  161,  287,  417;  the  inaccurate 
account  of  Lorenzo  Sabine,  Loyalists,  I,  453-57;  and  the  incidental  refer- 
ences in  C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  Loyalists  of  the  American  Revolution  (1902), 
85,  87,  157,  159-61,  246-47,  255.  Important  source  gleanings  may  be  had  in 
P.  L.  Ford,  Writings  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  X,  129-30;  H.  A.  Gushing, 
Writings  of  Samuel  Adams,  III,  369;  especially  in  Jared  Sparks,  Works 
of  Benjamin  Franklin,  IV,  101-42  (Pa.  proprietary  government), 
VII,  276-80,  302-303,  303-304,  317-18  (stamp  act),  VIII,  102-103,  144-48 
(plan  of  union),  454-55,  IX,  79,  X,  122;  idem,  Writings  of  George  Wash- 
ington, IV,  205,  note,  522. 

Galloway's  "Plan  for  a  Proposed  Union"  is  in  Journals  of  the  Conti- 
nental Congress  (ed.  1904),  I,  43-51.  It  is  discussed  by  Galloway,  in 
his  Candid  Examination  (1775)  ;  and  in  his  Historical  and  Political 
Reflections  (1780),  70;  by  Tyler  and  Howard,  as  above  cited;  by  John 
Adams,  Works,  II,  387,  note;  and  with  erroneous  statements  by  George 
Bancroft,  History  (ed.,  1886),  IV,  69-70,  V,  83.  On  the  proceedings  of  the 
Congress,  see  Keio  Jersey  Archives,  1st  series,  X,  475-94.  The  Examina- 
tion of  Joseph  Galloway  hy  the  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons 
is  edited  by  Balch  (1855). 

II.      GOUVERNEUR    MORRIS    (1752-1816). 

The  short  biography  in  the  "Statesmen"  series  by  Theodore  Roose- 
velt, Gouverneur  Morris  (1888)  ;  may  be  followed  by  Jared  Sparks, 
Gouverneur  Morris  (3  vols.,  1832).  The  harsh  judgments  of  Roosevelt 
regarding  Paine  in  his  relations  with  Morris  may  be  compared  with  the 
facts  as  presented  by  Moncure  Daniel  Conway,  Life  of  Thomas  Paine 
(2  vols.,  1893)  ;  idem.,  Writings  of  Thomas  Paine  (4  vols.,  1894  if.),  I, 
438,  II,  25,  III,  42,  126,  412 ;  idem,  "Gouverneur  Morris,"  in  Cosmopolitan, 
VII,  207-208.  See  also  J.  L.  White,  "An  American  Diplomatist,"  in  The 
Dial,  X  (1889),  52-54;  H.  C.  Lodge,  in  Atlantic  Monthly,  LVII  (1886), 
433-48;  articles  in  ihid.,  LXIV  (1889),  129-36;  and  The  Spectator,  LXII 
(1889),   304-305. 

Of  first  rate  importance  is  Anna  Cary  Morris,  Diary  and  Letters  of 
Gouverneur  Morris  (2  vols.,  1888).  This  is  reviewed  in  the  Athenaeum, 
vol.   Jan.-June,    1889,    401-403;    Quarterly   Review,   CLXIX    (1889),   72-97; 


JOHN  ADAMS.  67 

and  discussed  by  Anna  Gary  Morris,  in  Scribner's  Magazine,  I  (1887), 
93-106,  199-210.  Illustrative  material  is  presented  by  Jane  Marsh  Parker, 
"The  Marie  Antoinette  Houses  of  the  United  States,"  in  New  England 
Monthly,  N.  S.,  XXII  (1900),  53-69;  and  Edward  Everett,  "Eighteen 
Hundred  and  Fourteen,"  in  Old  and  New,  VII   (1873),  47-57. 

Source  references  may  be  found  by  consulting  Sparks's  Writings 
of  George  Washington,  Hunt's  Writings  of  James  Madison,  Johnston's 
Correspondence  and  PuUic  Papers  of  John  Jay,  especially,  I,  9,  10,  126, 
173,  177,  366,  II,  16,  38,  137,  147,  III,  85,  104,  369,  IV,  310,  362,  370,  393 ; 
and  in  O.  J.  Thatcher,  The  Ideas  that  have  influenced  Civilization;  VIT, 
258,  260,  336,  342,  345,  350,  351,  354-55,  367.  Consult  McLaughlin,  The 
Confederation  and  the  Constitution,  61,  187,  195,  237,  256,  258;  and  the 
Indexes  to  the  histories  of  Bancroft,  Hildreth,  Von  Hoist,  and  others. 

III.   John  Adams  (1735-1826). 

To  "break  ground,"  read  H.  A.  Gushing,  "John  Adams,"  in  New 
International  Encyclopwdia,  I,  104-105;  and  continue  with  the  excellent 
book  of  J.  T.  Morse.  John  Adams  (1884,  1892),  in  the  Statesmen  series. 
Enlightening  is  Mellen  Ghamberlain,  John  Adams  the  Statesman  of  the 
American  Revolution  (1898)  ;  and  there  are  sketches  by  A.  K.  McClure, 
Our  Presidents  and  How  we  make  Them,  7-20;  E:  E.  Sparks,  Men  who 
Made  the  Nation,  79-118 ;  Elizabeth  Porter  Gould,  John  Adams  and  Daniel 
Webster  as  Schoolmasters,  Part  I,  9-32;  Supplemented  by  idem,  in  Edu- 
cation, IX  (1889),  503-12;  important  references  in  James  Schouler, 
Americans  of  1876  (1906),  127,  149,  220,  289;  and  G.  E.  Merriam,  History 
of  American  Political  Theories  (1903),  43,  48,  52,  69,  124,  125,  130,  135-36, 
140,  162.  Eead  also  Brown,  The  Story  of  John  Adams  a  New  England 
Schoolmaster  (1900)  ;  H.  E.  Tucker,  The  Political  Philosophy  of  John 
Adams  (University  of  Nebraska,  Department  of  American  History,  1904)  ; 
Gaillard  Hunt,  "Office-Seeking  during  the  Administration  of  John  Adams," 
in  American  Historical  Review,  II  (1896-7),  241-61;  Anson  D.  Morse,  "The 
Politics  of  John  Adams,"  in  ibid.,  IV  (1899),  292-312;  George  Bancroft, 
"An  Incident  in  the  Life  of  John  Adams,"  in  Century  Magazine,  XII 
(1887),  434-40;  E.  P.  Powell,  "The  Friendship  of  John  Adams  and 
Thomas  Jefferson,"  in  New  England  Magazine,  N.  S.,  XVI  (1897),  179-93; 
idem,  "New  England's  First  President,"  in  Arena,  XXIV  (1900),  31-46; 
"John  Adams's  Diary  and  Autobiography,"  in  New  Englander,  XI  (1853), 
222-47. 

All  the  histories  of  the  revolutionary  and  early  national  periods  deal 
with  Adams  and  his  work.  See  G.  E.  Howard,  Preliminaries  of  the  Revo- 
lution (1905),  18,  77,  174,  204,  206,  216,  287-88,  298,  317,  334  (bib- 
liography); G.  H.  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution  (1905),  41-42,  55,  62, 
69,  79,  104,  108-10,  127,  146,  189,  194,  197,  211,  220;  A.  G.  McLaughlin, 
The  Confederation  and  the  Constitution  (1905),  6-7,  24-29,  31,  102-105, 
106;  J.  S.  Bassett,  The  Federalist  System  (1906),  Index;  and  the  Index 
volume  of  the  "American  Nation"  series  at  "John  Adams."     Gonsult  like- 


68  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

wise  the  Indexes  to  the  works  of  Bancroft,  Hildreth,  Schouler,  McMaster, 
Winsor,  and  Von  Hoist;  also  A.  B.  Hart,  Formation  of  the  Union;  G.  0. 
Trevelyan,  American  Revolution  (3  vols.,  1899  ff.)  ;  the  lives  of  all  the 
contemporaries  of  Adams  in  the  "American  Statesmen"  series;  and 
especially  Richard  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic. 

The  chief  source  is  C.  F.  Adams,  Works  of  John  Adams  (10  vols., 
1850-56),  with  a  biography.  Consult  also  John  Adams  and  Jonathan 
Sewall,  Novangliis  and  Massachusettensis  (1819)  ;  Letters  of  A'bigall 
and  John  Adams  (1841)  ;  Familiar  Letters  of  John  Adams  and  his  Wife 
during  the  Revolution;  with  a  Memoir  of  Mrs.  Adams  (1876),  edited 
by  C.  F.  Adams;  O.  J.  Thatcher,  The  Ideas  that  have  influenced  Civiliza- 
tion, VII,  172,  177,  178,  243  (biography),  VIII,  26,  96-97;  and  the  Indexes 
to  H.  P.  Johnston's  Correspondence  and  PuMic  Papers  of  John  Jay;  H. 
A.  Gushing,  Writings  of  Samuel  Adams;  and  C.  F.  Adams,  Memoirs  of 
J.  Q.  Adams.     There  is  source  material  in  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries. 

IV.    Aaron  Burr   (1756-1836). 

The  standard  work  is  James  Parton,  Life  and  Times  of  Aaron  Burr 
(2  vols.,  K70-72) .  An  older  account  is  M.  L.  Davis,  Memoirs  of  Aaron  Burr 
(2  vols.,  1836-7)  ;  and  we  have  a  brief  biography  by  H.  G.  Merwin, 
Aaron  Burr  (1899).  C.  B.  Todd,  The  True  Aaron  Burr  (1902),  presents 
a  very  favorable  view  of  Burr's  life  and  character.  See  also  Isaac 
Jenkinson,  Aaron  Burr  (1902)  ;  and  S.  P.  Orth,  Five  American  Statesmer 
(1906),  I,  1-68;  Randall,  Jefferson,  III,  chap,  v;  Jefferson,  Works  (1853). 
V,  65-69,  81-88,  94-100,  174,  175;  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  165-171. 

The  "Burr  Conspiracy"  is  discussed  by  James  Schouler,  United  States, 
II,  chap,  vi,  118-24;  J.  B.  McMaster,  People  of  the  United  States,  III, 
49-88;  E.  Channing,  The  Jeffersonian  System  (1906),  155-68.  Channing 
has  profited  by  the  investigations  of  Henry  Adams,  United  States,  III; 
and  W.  F.  McCaleb,  The  Aaron  Burr  Conspiracy  (1903),  which  two  writ- 
ers "have  reconstructed  the  story  of  the  Burr  expeditions  and  have 
rendered  all  earlier  accounts  to  a  great  extent  obsolete"  (Channing). 
McCaleb  has  a  study  of  his  new  material  in  American  Historical  Asso- 
ciation, Papers  (1903),  I.  On  the  trial,  see  further  Magruder,  John 
Marshall,  201-29;  F.  T.  Hill,  "Decisive  Battles  of  the  Law,"  in  Harper's 
Magazine,  CXIII,  3-16 ;  Robertson,  Reports  of  the  Trials  of  Colonel  Aaron 
Burr  for  Treason  and  fm-  a  Misdemeanor  (2  vols.,  1808)  ;  The  Trial  of 
Colonel  Aaron  Burr  (3  vols.,  1807-8),  with  the  arguments  and  decisions; 
J.  J.  Combs,  Trial  of  Aaron  Burr  for  High  Treason  (1867).  Consult 
also  Kennedy,  Memoirs  of  William  Wirt  (2  vols.,  1845)  ;  W.  H.  Safford, 
The  Blennerhassett  Papers  (1864)  ;  and  James  Wilkinson,  Memoirs  (3 
vols.,  1816).  M.  L.  Davis  has  editer  The  Private  Journals  of  Aaron  Burr 
during  his  Residence  in  Europe  (2  vols.,  1838). 

The  political  career  of  Burr  is  described  in  the  histories  of  his  time. 
See  especially  Schouler,  McMaster,  Hildreth,  and  the  Index  volume  of 
the  "American  Nation"  series  at  "Aaron  Burr." 

Bibliographies  in  Channing,  Jeffersonian  System,   282;   Winsor,  Nar- 


»  JAMES   MADISON.  69 

rative  and  Critical  History,  VII,  338-40;  and  especially  Tompkins,  Burr 
Bihliography   (Brooklyn,  1892). 

V,  Albert  Gallatin  (1761-1849). 

J.  A.  Stevens  has  a  good  life  of  Albert  Gallatin  (1883,  1892)  in  the 
"Statesmen"  series ;  and  we  have  another  by  Henry  Adams,  Life  of  Albert 
Gallatin  (1879).  See  also  H.  C.  Lodg-e,  "Albert  Gallatin,"  in  his  Studies  in 
History  (1884),  263-93.  There  is  much  relating  to  Gallatin  in  the  histories 
of  his  period.  Consult  McMaster,  V,  44,  64,  69-70,  477-78,  passim;  Von 
Hoist,  I,  103,  265,  322,  383,  III,  84,  85,  88,  passim;  A.  Johnston,  Amer- 
ican Political  History  (1905),  I,  119,  124,  344;  Schouler,  United  States, 
Index ;  especially  Henry  Adams,  United  States,  Index  in  vol.  IX,  287-89  ; 
E.  Channing-,  Jeffersonian  System,  Index,  p.  290;  and  K.  C.  Babcock, 
Rise  of  American  Nationality  (1906),  Index,  p.  331. 

Henry  Adams  has  edited  The  Writings  of  Albert  Gallatin  (3  vols., 
1879)  ;  and  source-extracts  are  in  H.  W.  Caldwell,  Some  American  Legis- 
lators  (1899),  1-26;  and  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  426-29. 

VI.  James  Madison   (1751-1836). 

A  good  biography  is  Gaillard  Hunt,  Life  of  James  Madison  (1902)  ; 
less  satisfactory  is  S.  H.  Gay,  James  Madison  (1884,  1892),  in  the  "States- 
men" series,  showing  a  strong  federal  bias ;  and  there  is  an  enlightening 
discussion  by  E.  G.  Bourne,  "Madison's  Studies  in  the  History  of  Federal 
Government,"  in  his  Essays  in  Historical  Criticism  (1901),  165-69.  Ex- 
cellent is  J.  Q.  Adams,  James  Madison  and  James  Monroe  (1850)  ;  there 
is  a  sketch  by  W.  O.  Stoddard,  in  his  Lives  of  the  Presidents,  III,  1-127 ; 
and  the  elaborate  and  trustworthy  Life  and  Times  of  James  Madison 
(3  vols.,  1859-60)   by  W.  C.  Kives. 

The  great  work  on  Madison's  administration  is  Henry  Adams,  United 
States,  1801-1817  (9  vols.,  1891)  ;  and  it  is  ably  treated  by  E.  Channing, 
The  Jeffersonian  System  (1906)  ;  and  by  K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American 
Nationality  (1906).  Bancroft,  Hildreth,  Fiske,  Von  Hoist,  Schouler, 
Bassett,  McMaster  and  all  the  historians  of  the  period  deal  with  Madison. 
For  his  messages,  see  Eichardson,  I;  and  Williams,  Statesman's  Manual, 
I,  who  gives  a  biographical  sketch  and  an  outline  of  the  administration. 

The  Writings  of  Madison  (5  vols.,  1900)  have  been  edited  by  Gaillard 
Hunt.  Consult  Madison's  Letters  and  other  Wi'itings  (4  vols.,  1865)  ; 
Gilpin,  Madison  Papers  (3  vols.,  1840-52).  The  Memoirs  and  Letters  of 
Dolly  Madison  (1886)  have  been  edited  by  her  grand  niece,  and  M.  W. 
Goodwin  has  written  her  biography  (1897).  For  an  understanding  of 
Madison's  ability  and  services  a  study  of  his  papers  in  the  Federalist 
and  of  his  Journal  of  the  debates  in  the  Constitutional  Convention  is 
needful.  With  the  latter  Max  Farrand's  article  in  American  Historical 
Review,  XIII  (1907),  44-65,  should  be  used.  See  Ford,  Writings  of  Jef- 
ferson (1892-99,  10  vols.),  for  Madison's  correspondence  w^ith  Jef- 
ferson. Consult  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  192-212;  and  Hart,  Con 
temporaries.  Index,  vol.  IV. 


70  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

Bibliographies  are  given  by  Channing-,  op.  cit.,  270-76,  279 ;  Babcoek,  op. 
cit.,  309-18,  311,  316 ;  Bassett,  op.  cit.,  303  ;  and  Bulletin,  No.  4,  published 
by  the  state  department,  in  Bureau  of  Kolls  and  Library,  is  a  Calendar 
of  the  Correspondence  of  James  Madison. 

VII.    John  Caldwell  Calhoun    (1782-1850). 

We  have  a  good  biography  by  H.  E.  Von  Hoist,  Calhoun  (1882,  rev. 
ed.  1899),  in  the  "Statesnxen"  series;  and  a  more  recent  able  study  by 
Gaillard  Hunt  (1908).  Older  works  are  Mary  Bates,  Private  Life  of  J. 
C.  Calhoun  (1852)  ;  J.  S.  Jenkins,  Life  of  John  Caldwell  Calhoun  (1850)  ; 
James  Parton,  Jackson,  chap,  xxiii;  and  an  anonymous  Life  (1843).  W. 
P.  Trent  has  a  useful  sketch  in  New  International  Encyclopwdia,  IV, 
30-31;  James  Parton  has  an  essay  in  his  Famous  Americans  (1871), 
113-171;  J.  C.  Reed,  an  account  in  his  Brothers's  War  (1905),  93-129; 
and  G.  M.  Pinckney,  a  biography    (1903). 

In  all  the  histories  of  his  times  Calhoun  is  treated.  See  the  v^rorks 
of  Schouler,  McMaster,  and  Von  Hoist ;  especially  consult  the  Index 
vol.  of  the  "American  Nation"  series,  and  the  Indexes  to  the  separate 
volumes  by  K.  C.  Babcoek,  Rise  of  American  Nationality;  F.  J.  Turner, 
Rise  of  the  New  West;  W.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy;  A.  B. 
Hart,  Slavery  and  Al)oUtion;  and  G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension; 
also  Woodrovsr  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  28,  53-62,  94,  95,  144,  145, 
165,  166,  170,  171,  174,  209-210.  Important  are  T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty 
Years'  View  (2  vols.,  1854)  ;  Calvin  Colton,  Life,  Correspondence,  and 
Speeches  of  Henry  Clay  (6  vols.,  1857)  ;  idem.  Life  and  Times  of  Henry 
Clay  (2  vols.,  1846)  ;  E.  A.  Pollard,  The  Lost  Cause  (1866)  ;  J.  Q.  Adams, 
Memoirs  (12  vols.,  1874-77)  ;  the  biographies  of  Jackson,  Clay,  Van 
Buren,  Benton,  and  Webster  in  the  "Statesmen"  series;  and,  in  general, 
the  lives  and  w^ritings  of  Calhoun's  contemporaries.  D.  F.  Houston, 
Critical  Study  of  Nullification  in  South  Carolina  (1896)  ;  C.  W.  Loring, 
Nullification,  Secession  (1893)  ;  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  "Social  Compact  and 
Constitutional  Construction,"  in  American  Historical  Review,  V,  467-490; 
William  MacDonald,  Select  Documents  (1898),  231-59,  268-83;  and  other 
discussions  of  nullification  and  state  rights  are  useful  for  understand- 
ing Calhoun's  place  in  history.  John  Pettibone  has  a  "Calendar"  of  the 
printed  letters  of  Calhoun  in  American  Historical  Association,  Report, 
1898,  591-610. 

The  Works  of  Calhoun  (6  vols.,  1853-5)  are  edited  by  R.  K.  Cralle; 
his  Correspondence,  in  American  Historical  Association,  Report,  1899, 
II  (1900),  by  J.  F.  Jameson;  and  there  is  valuable  source  material  in 
MacDonald,  above  cited ;  in  O.  J.  Thatcher,  Ideas  that  have  inf.  Civil- 
ization, VIII,  211-37;  in  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  III,  436-40,  544-48, 
649-53;  and  in  H.  W.  Caldw^ell,  Some  American  Legislators  (1899), 
100-122. 


%  WILLIAM    HENRY    SEWARD.  71 

VITI.    Stephen  Arnold  Douglas   (1813-1861). 

William  Gardner,  Life  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas  (1905)  ;  and  W.  G. 
Brown,  Douglas  (1902),  in  the  "Riverside  Biographical  Series,"  have 
provided  useful  sketches.  A  careful  and  more  elaborate  v^ork  is  Allen 
Johnson,  Stephen  A.  Douglas:  a  Study  in  American  Politics  (1908)  ;  and 
there  is  an  uncritical  campaign  Life  (1860)  by  J.  W.  Sheahan;  and 
another  by  R.  B.  Warden  (1860).  The  fullest  and  best  account  of  Doug- 
las's career  is  J.  F.  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  II.  This 
should  be  supplemented  on  the  Kansas-Nebraska  question  by  Albert 
Watkins,  in  the  so-called  "Morton"  History  of  Nebraska  (Lincoln,  1905 
ff.),  I,  131-59.  H.  E.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  has  much  re- 
lating to  Douglas :  see  the  very  numerous  citations  in  the  Index,  IX, 
93-97.  Consult  also  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost  Cause,  chap,  iv;  G.  P.  Garrison, 
Westward  Extension  (1906)  ;  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery  (1906). 
F.  E.  Chadvs^ick,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War  (1906)  ;  Woodrovs^  Wilson, 
Division  and  Reunion  (1893,  1896),  182-84,  191,  200-202,  205,  207;  and  the 
Index  volume  of  the  "American  Nation"  series.  S.  P.  Orth  has  an  essay 
in  his  Five  American  Politicians    (1906). 

The  literature  relating  to  Abraham  Lincoln,  above  cited  in  Section 
XVII,  contains  much  on  Douglas.  See  especially  the  collections  of  the 
Lincoln-Douglas  Debates ;  the  w^orks  of  Nicolay  and  Hay,  II,  passim ; 
Nicolay,  Short  History,  chap,  ix;  Rothschild,  99-120;  Morse,  I,  111-179; 
Lamon,  chap,  xvi ;  Herndon,  II,  chaps,  iii,  iv,  passim ;  Tarbell,  I,  300-33 ; 
Hapgood,  123-50,  Index ;  Stoddard,  chaps,  xv,  xvii,  passim ;  Franch,  129  ff. ; 
Hill,  263-79;  Binns,  chaps,  v,  vii ;  Barrett,  I,  156-195,  passim;  Raymond, 
chap,  ii ;  Holland,  chaps,  x-xiii,  passim;  Bartlett,  Life  and  Puhlic  Services 
of  At)raham  Lincoln,  70-115,  153  f£. ;  Noah  Brooks,  Abraham  Lincoln  and 
the  Downfall  of  Am.  Slavery  (1894),  chaps,  xii-xiv;  Arnold,  Life  (1901), 
139-52.  J.  M.  Cutts,  A  Brief  Treatise  upon  Constitutional  and  Party, 
Questions  as  Received  Orally  from  the  Late  Stephen  A.  Douglas  (1866), 
is  an  attempt  at  self-justification. 

Source-material  may  be  found  in  H.  W.  Caldwell,  Some  American 
Legislators  (1899),  148-67;  W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents  (1898), 
396-402;  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  IV,  97-100,  137-38,  153-54;  and 
O.  J.  Thatcher,  Ideas,  etc.,  IX,  132-44. 

IX.    William  Henry  Seward  (1801-1872). 

The  best  biographies  are  Frederick  Bancroft,  William  H.  Seward 
(2  vols.,  1900);  and  T.  K.  Lathrop,  Life  (1896),  in  the  "Statesmen" 
series.  We  have  a  good  account  of  his  work  as  Senator  and  Secretary 
by  F.  W.  Seward,  Seward  at  Washington  (2  vols.,  1891).  The  last  named 
writer  has  edited  Autobiography  of  William  H.  Seward  (1877-91).  Consult 
Gideon  Wells,  Lincoln  and  Seward  (1874)  ;  idem,  "The  Election  and  Ad- 
ministration of  Abraham  Lincoln,"  in  Galaxy  (1877),  XXII,  XXIII; 
Seward's  Travels  Around  the  World   (1873),  edited  by  Olive  R.  Seward, 


72  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

his  adopted  daughter;  the  Memoir  in  Seward's  Works,  I,  13-90;  and 
Baker,  Life   (1855). 

Indispensable  for  the  study  of  Seward  is  J.  F.  Ehodes,  History  of  the 
United  States;  and  for  the  period  before  1861,  H.  E.  Von  Hoist,  Consti- 
tutional History,  should  be  consulted:  see  the  Indexes.  Important  are 
Woodrow  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  171,  206,  217,  232;  idem,  Amer- 
ican People,  IV,  145-46,  209,  V,  42;  James  Sehouler,  United  States,  V, 
VI;  A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  195-96,  253,  281,  283,  318;  T.  C. 
Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  25,  48,  98,  100,  140,  142,  209,  228 ;  F.  E.  Chad- 
wick,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War,  116,  119-20,  281,  295,  306;  J.  K.  Hosmer, 
The  Appeal  to  Arms;  idem,  Outcome  of  the  Civil  War,  Indexes. 

Some  of  the  literature  cited  on  Abraham  Lincoln  in  Section  XVII 
above  is  available  for  Seward.  See  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Index  in  vol.  X; 
Nicolay,  Short  History,  chap,  xiii ;  Eothschild,  121-56;  Morse,  I,  229  ff., 
273  ff.,  Index;  Hapg-ood,  Index;  Noah  Brooks,  247  if.;  Tarbell,  II,  chap, 
xxii ;  Barrett,  Index  in  vol  II. 

Seward's  Works  (new  ed.,  5  vols.,  1887-90)  have  been  edited  by  George 
E.  Baker;  and  there  is  important  source-material  in  O.  J.  Thatcher, 
Ideas,  etc.,  IX,  123-32;  in  H.  W.  Caldwell,  So7ne  American  Legislators 
(1899),  172-192;  and  in  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries,  IV,  Index. 


X.    Salmon  Portland  Ghase   (1808-1873). 

A.  B.  Hart,  Chase  (1899),  has  contributed  an  excellent  volume  to  the 
"Statesmen"  series.  A  good  biography  is  J.  W.  Schuckers,  Life  and 
Public  Services  of  Salmon  P.  Chase  (1874)  ;  and  the  book  of  E.  B. 
Warden,  An  Account  of  the  Private  Life  and  Public  Services  of  Salmon 
Portland  Chase   (1874),  was  prepared  at  Chase's  request. 

Very  important  for  the  career  of  Chase  is  J.  F.  Ehodes,  History  of  the 
United  States;  and  for  his  life  before  1861,  H.  E.  Von  Hoist,  Constitu- 
tional History  should  be  consulted.  See  also  Woodrow  Wilson,  Division 
and  Reunion,  171,  206,  217,  232;  James  Sehouler,  United  States,  V,  VI; 
F.  E.  Chadwick,  Causes  of  the  Civil  War,  116,  119,  120,  281,  295,  306; 
J.  K.  Hosmer,  The  Appeal  to  Arms,  22,  24,  64-65,  167,  169,  171,  202,  208, 
212,  215,  217 ;  idem.  Outcome  of  the  Civil  War,  Index ;  and  the  Index  vol- 
ume of  the  "American  Nation"  series. 

The  literature  of  Lincoln's  administration  contains  much  relating 
to  Chase.  See  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Index  in  vol.  X;  Eothschild,  157-222; 
Morse,  I,  234  ff.,  273  if..  Index;  Hapgood,  Index;  Noah  Brooks,  247  if.; 
McClure,  132-46;  Barrett,  Index  in  vol.  II.  Chase's  "Diary  and  Corres- 
pondence" are  published  in  American  Historical  Association,  Report, 
1902,  II,  11-527;  and  valuable  documents  are  given  by  H.  W.  Caldwell, 
Some  American  Legislators  (1899),  194-214;  and  by  A.  B.  Hart,  Con- 
temporaries, IV,  291,  400-402.  For  bibliography  consult  Library  of  Con- 
gress, List  of  Works  relating  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States 
(1909),   75-82. 


♦,  ROBERT    EDWARD    LEE.  73 

XI.   Jefferson  Davis  (1809-1889). 

Valuable  is  Jefferson  Davis,  Ex-President  of  the  Confederate  States: 
A  Memoir  (2  vols.,  1890),  by  Davis's  second  wife,  Varina  Howell  Davis. 
There  are  a  condemnatory  Life  of  J.  Davis  (1869)  by  E.  A.  Pollard;  an 
eulogistic  biography  (1868)  by  F.  H.  Alfriend;  Personal  Recollections 
of  Jefferson  Davis  (1889)  by  Oliver  Dyer;  a  sketch  by  W.  P.  Trent  in 
his  Southern  Statesmen  of  the  Old  Regime  (1897)  ;  and  an  autobio- 
graphical article  in  Bedford  s  Magazine  (Jan.,  1890).  Jefferson  Davis's 
elaborate  and  able  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate  Oovernment  (2  vols., 
1881)  is  indispensable;  and  he  vo-ote  a  Short  History  of  the  Confederate 
States  of  America  (1890).  Consult  Life  and  Reminiscences  of  Jefferson 
Davis  hy  Distinguished  Men  of  his  Time  (1890)  ;  and  J.  C.  Eeed,  in  his 
Brothers's  War    (1905),  296-329. 

The  best  historical  account  of  Davis's  career  is  contained  in  J.  F. 
Ehodes,  History  of  the  United  States;  and  for  the  period  before  the  war 
H.  E.  Von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History,  should  be  consulted :  see  the  In- 
dexes. Discussions  may  also  be  found  in  James  Schouler,  United  States, 
V,  VI;  Woodrow  Wilson,  Divisi07i  and  Reunion,  211,  219,  223,  235;  idem^ 
American  People,  IV,  200,  210,  310;  T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery, 
26,  38,  51,  97,  105,  218,  244,  247,  300;  F.  E.  Chadwick,  Causes  of  the  Civil 
War,  Index;  J.  K  Hosmer,  The  Appeal  to  Arms,  20-21,  60,  80,  123,  154, 
250;  idem.,  Outcome  of  the  Civil  War,  28,  46,  107,  118,  203,  227,  228,  270, 
280,  297.  J.  G.  Blaine,  Twenty  Years  of  Congress  (2  vols.,  1886),  has 
many  references  to  Davis ;  see  the  Index. 

Important  for  the  general  Southern  view  are  E.  A.  Pollard,  Lost 
Cause  (1866),  hostile  to  Davis;  A.  H.  Stephens,  War  hetween  the  States 
(2  vols.,  1867),  a  just  and  able  work;  J.  L.  M.  Curry,  The  Southern 
States  (1894)  ;  J.  H.  Hammond,  Letters  and  Speeches  (1866)  ;  T.  L. 
Clingman,  Writings  and  Speeches  (1877).  Consult  the  bibliography  of 
Southern  men  and  affairs,  in  J.  K.  Hosmer,  Outcome  of  the  Civil  TTar, 
323,  326-27;  Channing  and  Hart,  Guide,  402-18;  and  the  source-material 
in  O.  J.  Thatcher,  Ideas,  etc.,  IX,  197-99 ;  and  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries, 
IV,  189-92,  229-30,  255,  319-23. 

XII.    Robert  Edward  Lee   (1807-1870). 

The  fine  character,  charming  personality,  and  military  genius  of 
Lee  are  inspiring  more  and  more  careful  study.  Kecent  contributions 
are  Thomas  Nelson  Page,  Rol)ert  E.  Lee,  the  Southerner  (1908)  ;  P.  A. 
Bruce,  Rohert  E.  Lee  (1907),  in  the  "American  Crisis  Biographies": 
Viscount  G.  J.  Wolseley,  General  Lee  (1906)  ;  J.  K.  Deering,  Lee  and  his 
Cause  (1907)  ;  and  C.  F.  Adams,  in  his  Three  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Addresse.'^ 
(1907). 

A  work  of  decided  military  value  is  A.  L.  Long,  Memoirs  of  Robert 
Edward  Lee  (1886).  Other  accounts  are  J.  E.  Cooke,  Life  of  Robert  E. 
Lee    (1871)  ;    J.   W.   Jones,   Personal   Reminiscences   of   Gen.   R.   E.   Lee 


74  AMERICAN    STATESMANSHIP. 

(1875)  ;  Fitzhugh  Lee,  Rohert  E.  Lee  (1894)  ;  White,  Robert  E.  Lee 
(1897)  ;  W.  P.  Trent,  Rohert  E.  Lee  (1899),  with  bibliography,  132-35; 
idem,  in  'New  International  Encyclopedia,  XII,  74-77,  with  a  portrait. 
Consult  also  J.  T>.  McCabe,  Life  and  Campaigns  of  Lee  (1867)  ;  Mrs. 
James  Longstreet,  Lee  and  Longstreet  at  High  Tide  (1904)  ;  E.  S.  Ellis, 
Campaign-Fires  of  General  Lee  (1886)  ;  R.  Stiles,  Four  Years  under  Marse 
Robert  (1903),  record  of  a  Yale  graduate;  W.  H.  Taylor,  Four  Years 
tcith  Lee  (1878)  ;  E.  M.  Johnston,  Leading  American  Soldiers  (19C7), 
256-309;  especially  E.  E.  Lee,  Jr.,  Recollections  and  Letters  of  R.  E.  Lee 
(1894). 

As  on  all  leading  characters  of  the  war-period,  J.  F.  Ehodes,  History 
of  the  United  States,  is  of  great  importance.  Of  decided  value,  too,  are 
the  works  of  Wilson,  Schouler,  Hosmer,  and  Sparks  elsewhere  cited. 
The  military  histories  of  the  period,  and  the  lives  and  writings  of  Lee's 
contemporaries  should  be  examined;  also  such  books  as  Pollard's  Lost 
Cause,  Cox's  Three  Decades  (1888),  Davis's  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Con-> 
federate  Government,  and  Grant's  Memoirs. 

See  the  bibliographies  of  the  war-literature  in  the  books  of  Hosmer 
and  the  bibliographies  cited  by  him;  also  Channing  and  Hart,  Guide, 
402-18,  and  important  source-material  in  A.  B.  Hart,  Contemporaries, 
TV,  Index. 

XIII.    Ulysses  Simpson  Grant  (1822-1885). 

Of  primary  importance  are  Grant's  Personal  Memoirs  (2  vols.,  1885-6, 
1895)  ;  and,  there  are  excellent  biographies  by  W.  C.  Church,  Grant 
(1897);  and  James  Grant  Wilson,  Life  and  Campaigns  (1868;  revised, 
1886).  Other  useful  accounts  are  Adam  Badeau,  Grant  in  Peace  (1887)  ; 
idem.  Military  History  of  U.  S.  Grant  (3  vols.,  1868-1881)  ;  C.  C.  Chesney, 
Military  Life  of  General  Grant  (1874)  ;  G.  W.  Childs,  Recollections  of 
General  Grant  (1888)  ;  Henry  Coppee,  Grant  and  his  Campaigns  (1866)  ; 
Charles  A.  Dana  and  J.  H.  Wilson,  Life  of  U.  S.  Grant  (1868)  ;  J.  T. 
Headley,  G?^ant  and  Sherman  (1866)  ;  A.  K.  McClure,  Lincoln  and  Men  of 
War-Times,  189  ff . ;  E.  M.  Johnston,  Leading  American  Soldiers,  137-92; 
Hamlin  Garland,  Grant  (1898)  ;  J.  T.  Headley,  Life  and  Travels  of  Gen 
eral  Grant  (1879)  ;  B.  P.  Poore  and  O.  H.  Tiffany,  Life  of  Grant  (1885)  ; 
J.  L.  Post,  Reminiscences  hy  Personal  Friends  of  Grant  (1904)  ;  A.  D. 
Eichardson,  Personal  History  of  Grant  (1868)  ;  W.  O.  Stoddard,  in  his 
Lives  of  the  Presidents   (1886-7). 

In  general,  consult  the  works  of  Hosmer,  Schouler,  Ehodes,  and 
Dunning  {Reconstruction)  ;  the  histories  of  the  war  by  Eopes,  Count  of 
Paris,  Pollard,  and  others;  and  the  memoirs,  biographies,  and  writings 
of  Grant's  contemporaries. 

The  valuable  Battles  and  Leaders  of  the  Civil  War  (4  vols.,  1887) 
contains  many  articles  originally  contributed  to  the  Century  Magazine 
by  Grant  in  his  later  years.  We  have  F,  A.  Burr,  New,  Original,  and 
Authentic  Record  of  Grant   (1885)  ;  a  study  of  the  ancestry  of  Grant  by 


*,  ULYSSES  SIMPSON  GRANT.  75 

E.  C.  Marshall  (1869)  ;  John  Kussell  Young,  Around  the  World  with 
General  Grant  (2  vols.,  1879)  ;  Grant's  Letters  to  a  Friend,  Elihu  B.  Wash- 
hurne,  1861-1880  (1897),  ed.  by  J.  G.  Wilson;  and  source-material  in  A. 
B.  Hart,   Contemporaries,  TV,  Index. 

Consult  the  bibliographies  of  the  Civil  War  period  in  the  two  books 
of  Hosm.er ;  Channing  and  Hart,  Guide,  402  fE. ;  and  those  cited  on  Lin- 
coln, above,  section  XVII. 


^;jT       BOOK  TP 


I 


